V.P. Malyshev, A.M. Makasheva, U.S. Zubrina (Алматы, Казахстан) COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE WORK OF BALL AND ROD MILLS ON THE BASIS OF THE PROBABILISTIC MODEL OF GRINDING OF MATERIALS
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Название |
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE WORK OF BALL AND ROD MILLS ON THE BASIS OF THE PROBABILISTIC MODEL OF GRINDING OF MATERIALS |
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Авторы |
V.P. Malyshev, A.M. Makasheva, U.S. Zubrina (Алматы, Казахстан) |
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Аннотация |
The purpose of work is to map by the probability theory of grinding of processes in a rod mill with adaptation to this process of frequency, concentration, steric and activation factors. A comparative analysis of the grinding process in ball and rod mills based on the probabilistic model was carried out, during which it was found out that it is preferable to use rod mills for grinding larger fractions. This is achieved due to the advantage in the steric factor. For rod grinding in the whole range of grain sizes it exceeds that for ball grinding, due to less screening of grains by a rod than by a ball. At the same time, the activation factor also has a similar superiority, although to a lesser extent, which proves itself especially well for large fractions. The combined effect of steric and activation factors leads to the formation of maxima in the area of millimeter fractions. This maximum is much higher for rod grinding than for ball grinding. Due to this, the process of grinding by rods is theoretically much more efficient than ball grinding of large fractions, which practically corresponds to lower power consumption. The calculations have shown that in the case of rod grinding, the distribution of fractions is more uniform, and this also agrees with practical data. In rod grinding, as well as in ball grinding, a logarithmically normal distribution of fractions is formed as the process proceeds, which is related to the unity of applicability of the integral grinding model to any variants of sequential destruction of material. Due to consideration of all operating factors the received probabilistic model of rod grinding can be considered the most complete and ready for practical use. |
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Ключевые слова |
probabilistic model, development, grinding, rod mills, ball mills, steric factor, activation factor, comparative analysis. |
M.B. Erdenova, A.K. Kojzhanova, Eh.M. Kamalov, S.B. Yulusov, Zh.D. Zhanabaj (Алматы, Казахстан) HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSING OF PERSISTENT GOLD-BEARING ORES BY TRADITIONAL BENEFICATION METHODS
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Название |
HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSING OF PERSISTENT GOLD-BEARING ORES BY TRADITIONAL BENEFICATION METHODS |
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Авторы |
M.B. Erdenova, A.K. Kojzhanova, Eh.M. Kamalov, S.B. Yulusov, Zh.D. Zhanabaj (Алматы, Казахстан) |
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Аннотация |
Based on the analysis of the results of physical and chemical research, known methods and techniques for processing lowgrade gold-containing raw materials have been offered and tested, the application of which will allow the most complete transfer of gold into solution. In the course of physical-chemical studies of the initial ore, such methods as X-ray diffraction X-ray fluorescence, mineralogical and chemical methods are used, in addition, using the assay method, the characteristics of the forms of finding gold in raw materials are given. According to X-ray phase analysis, the initial ore belongs to the siliceous type, which is confirmed by X-ray fluorescence and chemical analysis methods. The content of silicon in the ore is 28.8 %, which in terms of silicon oxide is about 62 %. The gold content is 1.02 g/t. The mineralogical analysis of the raw material showed that ore mineralization of gold is pyrite, and according to the assay there is practically no visible native gold in the ore, its content is 1.1 %, the fine-dispersed in the rock-forming minerals is 77.8 %. The following ore processing methods were tested: direct cyanidation, gravity enrichment with subsequent cyanidation, flotation enrichment followed by cyanidation. The recovery of gold under direct cyanidation was 70.6 %, under conditions of gravity ore enrichment, followed by cyanidation – 75.5 %. Cyanide leaching of the flotation concentrate allowed to convert 63.0 % of gold into the solution. Based on the results of the conducted studies low-grade ore of the Karyernoye deposit is recommended processing by cyanide leaching with preliminary gravitational concentration. |
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Ключевые слова |
gold-bearing ore, gravitation concentrate, flotation concentrate, cyanidation, hydrometallurgy. |
S.A. Trebukhov, V.N. Volodin, A.V. Nitsenko, N.M. Burabayeva, A.A. Trebukhov (Алматы, Казахстан) INTERACTION OF ALLOYING METAL S OF CONSTRUCTION STEELS WITH LIQUID AND VAPOROUS SELENIUM
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Название |
INTERACTION OF ALLOYING METAL S OF CONSTRUCTION STEELS WITH LIQUID AND VAPOROUS SELENIUM |
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Авторы |
S.A. Trebukhov, V.N. Volodin, A.V. Nitsenko, N.M. Burabayeva, A.A. Trebukhov (Алматы, Казахстан) |
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Аннотация |
Based on the thermodynamic study of the interaction of selenium with alloying metals: nickel, titanium and chromium, it is established that these elements will form selenides of different composition in the liquid and vapor phases under the distillation process. The following order of dissolution in liquid selenium is suggested: chromium, nickel, iron, titanium. This will lead to a preferential transition of the elements standing in the row in front of the iron into liquid selenium and degradation of the structural material based on alloyed steel. On the basis of partial pressure diagrams of selenium in systems with iron and doping metals, it was established that titanium and chromium under conditions of distillation recovery and refining of selenium at low pressures will be represented by thermally stable higher selenides, nickel in liquid selenium by diselenide, in contact with the vapor phase, nickel monoselenide . Diagrams of the state of selenium systems with nickel and chromium are supplemented by phase transitions of liquid-vapor at a pressure of 100 Pa. The boundaries of the coexistence of liquid condensed and vapor phases are calculated assuming the existence of extremely dilute solutions of selenium in liquid nickel and crystalline chromium. The concentration of higher nickel and chromium selenides in the bottom residue during the distillation refining of selenium was confirmed. In the case of structural design, the use of a batch process is recommended due to the formation of a layer of selenides on the steel surface, which acts as a protective skull. |
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Ключевые слова |
selenium, nickel, titanium, chromium, selenide, diselenide, melt, partial pressure diagram, state diagram. |
V.N. Volodin, N.M. Burabayeva, S.A. Trebukhov, A.V. Nitsenko, B.B. Bolatbekov (Алматы, Казахстан) SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE OF TELLURIUM AND SULFUR OVER THEIR MELTS
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Название |
SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE OF TELLURIUM AND SULFUR OVER THEIR MELTS |
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Авторы |
V.N. Volodin, N.M. Burabayeva, S.A. Trebukhov, A.V. Nitsenko, B.B. Bolatbekov (Алматы, Казахстан) |
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Аннотация |
Saturated sulfur vapor pressure over its melts with tellurium was determined using the boiling point method and represented by temperature-concentration dependences for alloys containing 0 – 45 at. % S (100 – 55 at. % Те) and 45 – 100 at. % S (55 – 0 at. % Те). Due to a large difference in saturated vapor pressure values of sulfur and tellurium, the total pressure over melts was taken equal to the partial pressure of sulfur. The partial vapor pressure of tellurium was determined for the specified concentration ranges by numerical integration of the Gibbs-Duhem equation with the mean error of 9.69 %. Based on the total vapor pressure, the boiling points for telluriumsulfur system were determined, and the boundaries for liquid melts on the temperature-dependent phase diagram were identified: the liquidus curve is below, and the boiling temperature curve is above. The system demonstrates an alternating-sign deviation of activities from the ideal solutions rule, where the negative deviation is in the area of alloys rich in tellurium and the positive is in the area of solutions rich in sulfur (> 50 at. %). The dependence of the total vapor pressure of selenium and tellurium on the composition shows no extrema in the area of liquid solutions, indicating that there is no constant boiling mixture, i.e. an azeotrope. Taking this fact and the large difference in the vapor pressure of the components into account, we see no technological difficulties in the system separation into elements by distillation. |
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Ключевые слова |
sulfur, tellurium, vapor pressure, concentration, melt, state diagram, liquidus, boiling point, activity, distillation. |
M.B. Ismailov, M.N. Mejirbekov, S.A. Zaberezhnyj, R.M. Magomedov, B.M. Bajserikov (Алматы, Казахстан) MAIN STAGES FOR PRODUCTION OF CARBON FIBER TUBULAR RODS
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Название |
MAIN STAGES FOR PRODUCTION OF CARBON FIBER TUBULAR RODS |
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Авторы |
M.B. Ismailov, M.N. Mejirbekov, S.A. Zaberezhnyj, R.M. Magomedov, B.M. Bajserikov (Алматы, Казахстан) |
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Аннотация |
Carbon–fiber tubular rods (CFTR) are widely used in power structures of unmanned aerial vehicles and space vehicles. Highstrength material allows to significantly facilitate the weight of structures. In this work, a study was made of the method for obtaining CFTR by the method of “wet” winding of a carbon roving impregnated with epoxy resin. The influence of the roving thickness on the tensile strength / contraction strength, the roving winding speed and effort, and the roving winding angle is studied. The maximum strength of CFTR was obtained at a roving thickness of 24K and the settings of a winding machine: roaming speed 18 mm /s, pulling forces 18.6N, cross-winding angle 550. The effect of processing “raw” windings in a vacuum bag at atmospheric pressure was obtained. Vacuum treatment reduces the porosity of the product and increases its strength. The tensile strength / compression strength of CFTR using epoxy resin with hardener hardening at room temperature was 346.5 MPa, at a temperature of 150 0С - 370 MPa, at a temperature of 180 0С - 516 MPa. It is assumed that the advantages of hot hardening of the epoxy matrix are due to its high fluidity, which allows penetration into all pores and to wet the carbon roving surface well. |
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Ключевые слова |
spacecraft, carbon-filled plastic, tubular rod, winding, winding machine, roving, epoxy resin, strength. |
A. Mamayeva, A.K. Kenzhegulov, A.V. Panichkin, M.A. Kalipekova (Алматы, Казахстан)
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Название |
OBTAINING CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE COATINGSON TITANIUM SUBSTRATE UNDER CONDITIONS OF MICRO-ARC OXIDATION |
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Авторы |
A. Mamayeva, A.K. Kenzhegulov, A.V. Panichkin, M.A. Kalipekova (Алматы, Казахстан) |
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Аннотация |
The results of experiments on microarc oxidation of a substrate of titanium grade VT 1-0 under conditions of anodic treatment in phosphoric acid electrolytes containing calcium ions at a pH of 1 to 7 and a current voltage of 150 to 250 V are presented. The coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase analysis and optical microscopy. The structure, phase and chemical composition formed as a result of micro-arc treatment of coatings is described. As a result of the studies, optimal regimes and parameters for obtaining calcium-phosphate coatings were established and determined. Processing with the modes found allows one to obtain coatings consisting of a mixture of phases Ca0.5(Ti2P3O12), CaTi4(PO4)6, Ca(PO3)2 and Ca2P2O7, which, according to the literature, are biocompatible compounds. The results of the SEM surface of the obtained coatings showed the presence of three structural components: sponge aggregates in the form of honeycombs, large bubbles having one or more shells, dense lenticular plates. The atomic ratio in the calcium-phosphate coatings varied in the range 0.30-0.62. It is shown that by varying the pH solutions and the magnitude of the stress of the microarc machining process, it is possible to significantly affect the structure, phase composition and thickness of the coatings produced. Promising from the point of view of obtaining biocompatible coatings is microplasma anodic treatment of titanium in phosphate acid electrolytes at рН ~ 3 – 1. A conclusion was made about the prospects of processing endoprostheses from titanium alloys by this method, to improve their coalescence with bone tissue. |
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Ключевые слова |
biocompatible materials, implant, crystallization, microarc oxidation, bioresorption, calcium-phosphate coatings. |
Zh.M. Ramazanova, K.J. Kirgizbaeva1, M.G. Zamalitdinova, I.P. Tkacheva, A.G. Tolesh (Алматы, Казахстан) INFLUENCE OF REGIMES OF PLASMA-ELECTROLYTIC PROCESS ON POROSITY AND MORPHOLOGY OF OXIDE COATING
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Название |
INFLUENCE OF REGIMES OF PLASMA-ELECTROLYTIC PROCESS ON POROSITY AND MORPHOLOGY OF OXIDE COATING |
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Авторы |
Zh.M. Ramazanova, K.J. Kirgizbaeva1, M.G. Zamalitdinova, I.P. Tkacheva, A.G. Tolesh (Алматы, Казахстан) |
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Аннотация |
One of the promising methods of surface treatment to obtain wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant coatings is the method of plasma electrolytic anodizing. The oxide coatings formed in the microplasma treatment mode have different porosity and developed surface. The reasons for the formation of porosity and the influence of technological regimes on it are in the initial stage of study. In this paper, we investigated the effect of the duration of the anode pulse, the polarizing voltage of the plasma-electrolytic treatment on the surface porosity of the oxide coating. The porosity of the oxide coating obtained under various process conditions varies from 14 to 21 %. Investigation of the morphology of the coating showed that a change in the duration of the anode pulse from 100 to 250 μm leads to an increase in the average pore diameter from 3.3 to 5.4 μm. According to the calculated data, with increasing thickness of the coating, there is a tendency of reduction in the porosity, the number of pores per unit surface. This trend is associated with the formation of oxide, both at the bottom of the pores due to the substrate, and due to the components of the solution inside and around the pores. All this in combination leads to the filling of pores. When studying the effect of polarizing stress on the porosity, it was found that at a value of 100 V, a thin practically non spherical coating forms. At a voltage of 200 V, coatings are formed with small unevenly distributed pores on the surface. Conducting the process with polarizing voltages of 300 V and 400 V leads to an intensive increase in the thickness of the coating with a developed porous surface. Depending on the purpose of the coating, the porosity can be reduced by introducing into the pores various materials - dyes and polymers. Porosity makes it possible to obtain composite multifunctional coatings and serve as a sublayer for metal and paint coatings on aluminum and its alloys. |
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Ключевые слова |
plasma-electrolytic anodizing, microarc oxidation, oxide coating, morphology, surface porosity. |
A.V. Panichkin, A.M. Derbisalin, D.M. Dzhumabekov, Zh.Zh. Alibekov, A.T. Imbarova (Алматы, Казахстан) IMPROVEMENT OF METHODOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT FOR DETERMINAT ION OF HYDROGEN PERMEABILITY OF THIN FLAT METALLIC MEMBRANES
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Название |
IMPROVEMENT OF METHODOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT FOR DETERMINAT ION OF HYDROGEN PERMEABILITY OF THIN FLAT METALLIC MEMBRANES |
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Авторы |
A.V. Panichkin, A.M. Derbisalin, D.M. Dzhumabekov, Zh.Zh. Alibekov, A.T. Imbarova (Алматы, Казахстан) |
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Аннотация |
The paper describes an improved technique for determining the hydrogen permeability of flat thin metal membranes, which makes it possible to exclude the use of mass spectrometry during measurements. The technique is distinguished by the use of large-area membranes (78.5 ∙ 10-4 m2), which makes it possible to measure both large and small gas flows using a combined method. The method of thermal conversion of the mass flow of gas into an electrical signal using calibrated flowmeters with an error of ± 0, 9 % measures limiting flows with a velocity of 0.36 dm3/h or more. By the volumetric method, by determining the interval for the escape of hydrogen bubbles from the capillary, the limiting fluxes up to 30 mm3/s are determined. The advantage of using a large area membrane is the ability to determine the life of the membrane and the nature of its deformation during dilatation. The paper describes the developed equipment for determination of hydrogen permeability at temperatures up to 650 °C and pressure up to 1 MPa. The equipment includes a furnace with a retort and a heated membrane holder, a module for vapor conversion of gaseous hydrocarbons and a gas drying module. It is equipped with safety systems that ensure the release of excess pressure and shut off the electric power supply of the furnace in the event that the temperature exceeds a predetermined value. The equipment is universal and allows measuring hydrogen permeability using both pure hydrogen and various gas mixtures under conditions of isothermal maintenance, smooth reduction and cyclic temperature change. It is characterized by the convenience of mounting the membrane in the holder and holder in the camera. The sequence of work with the developed equipment is resulted. |
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Ключевые слова |
hydrogen permeability, thin metal membranes, chamber furnace, modular plant, gas mixtures, niobium and tantalum membranes, diffusion-alloyed, composite membranes. |
A.N. Berkinbayeva, Z.D. Dosymbayeva, R.Kh. Sharipov, B.T. Zheksembiyeva (Алматы, Казахстан) ELECTROCHEMICAL LEACHING OF REFRACTORY SULFIDE ORE WITH AN APPLICATION OF THE SULPHUR-GRAPHITE ELECTRODE
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Название |
ELECTROCHEMICAL LEACHING OF REFRACTORY SULFIDE ORE WITH AN APPLICATION OF THE SULPHUR-GRAPHITE ELECTRODE |
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Авторы |
A.N. Berkinbayeva, Z.D. Dosymbayeva, R.Kh. Sharipov, B.T. Zheksembiyeva (Алматы, Казахстан) |
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Аннотация |
The article presents results of the study on extraction of non-ferrous and precious metals from refractory sulphide ores using sulphur- graphite material as a source for obtaining the leaching agent. To conduct experiments, sulphur- graphite electrode was made containing 65 % sulphur. It is found that under the anodic polarization of sulphur- graphite electrode in a solution of sodium hydroxide, sulphide ore is well-opened with selective gold recovery. Among the non-ferrous metals, the following are passing into the solution: copper, manganese, chromium and zinc in minor amounts. The optimal process parameters: current density i - 180 A/m2, the concentration of sodium hydroxide - 1.0 M - 2.0 M, stirring the solution at a speed of 480 rev/min. Under cathodic polarization of sulphur- graphite electrode, gold, copper, manganese, chromium and zinc extracted well into the solution. Thus, the leaching in the presence of sulphur- graphite electrode in a solution of sodium hydroxide allows to combine the preparation of the leaching agent and recovering of non-ferrous and precious metals from ores in a single reactor volume. Moreover, the use of sulphur-graphite electrode allows gradual leaching in a single reactor. In the first step of under anodic polarization of sulphur- graphite electrode, an extraction of gold in the solution occurs. After replacing a solution, which is rich in gold, with the fresh sodium hydroxide solution, extraction of non-ferrous metals can be carried out (copper, manganese, chromium and zinc) by cathodic polarization of sulphur- graphite electrode. Electro leaching is carried out with high efficiency at relatively low temperatures, which saves energy and expensive reagents in the organization of technological processes. |
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Ключевые слова |
The electrochemical leaching, noble and non-ferrous metals, the electrode extraction degree. |
A.K. Adryshev, N.V. Seraya, G.K. Daumova, A.A. Khajrullina, D.T. Bajgazinov (Алматы, Казахстан) SORPTION OF CHROMIUM (VI) IONS BY NANOSTRUCTURED COMPLEX SORBENT BASED ON BENTONITE CLAY AND WASTE FROM MINERAL WOOL PRODUCTION
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Название |
SORPTION OF CHROMIUM (VI) IONS BY NANOSTRUCTURED COMPLEX SORBENT BASED ON BENTONITE CLAY AND WASTE FROM MINERAL WOOL PRODUCTION |
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Авторы |
A.K. Adryshev, N.V. Seraya, G.K. Daumova, A.A. Khajrullina, D.T. Bajgazinov (Алматы, Казахстан) |
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Аннотация |
In the present work, highly effective, accessible nanostructured complex sorbents (NSCS) possessing microporosity, high dispersity and high sorption ability and a low-waste method for their production using bentonite clay of Taganskoye deposit and wastes of mineral wool production are proposed. It has been experimentally established that mechanoactivation makes it possible to obtain a complex sorbent with nanoscale particles and a highly developed surface. At the same time, favorable conditions for mechanical dispersion are created in the presence of water and milling intensifier - waste products of mineral wool. Based on the results of a study of the sorption of chromium (VI) ions from model solutions (C (Cr (VI)) = 0.5-1.5 mg/dm3), the NSCC provides a high degree of purification from chromium (VI) ions. Already in the first 30 minutes, sorption under static conditions proceeds at a high rate. The equilibrium value of the sorption for chromium (VI) ions on the complex sorbent averages 96-99 % of its limiting value for ~ 0.5 h. From the sorption isotherm characterizing the dependence of the sorption capacity on the concentration of the sorbed component at a constant temperature for the liquid phase, Basic information is obtained on the sorption properties of NSCC based on bentonite clay and wastes of mineral wool production and on the character of the adsorption of chromium (VI) ions on it. Nanostructured complex sorbent can be used to solve the problem of wastewater treatment of industrial enterprises from chromium (VI) ions. |
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Ключевые слова |
nanostructured complex sorbent, bentonite clay, wastes of mineral wool production, sorption, mechanical activation, chromium ions. |
N.I. Kopylov, E.P. Solotchina, T E. Shoeva (Алматы, Казахстан) BEHAVIOR OF TUVA CLAYS MIXTURES WITH SLIME AND CAKE OF DEARSENAT ION FROM KHOVU-AKSY DUMPS DURING ROASTING
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Название |
BEHAVIOR OF TUVA CLAYS MIXTURES WITH SLIME AND CAKE OF DEARSENAT ION FROM KHOVU-AKSY DUMPS DURING ROASTING |
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Авторы |
N.I. Kopylov, E.P. Solotchina, T E. Shoeva (Алматы, Казахстан) |
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Аннотация |
The article presents the data on the studies of phase transformations in the mixtures of clays from the Krasnoyarsk and Sukpak deposits of Tuva with the sludge of the Khovu-Aksy dump and the cake of its dearsenation. It is shown that when mixtures of clays with cake are heated, phase changes occur due to the gradual decomposition of silicates with the removal of various types of moisture, and also by decomposition of carbonates with СО2 emission. In this case, active amorphous oxides are released which, at high temperatures, can form new structures such as spinel, mullite, and plagioclase. Some differences in the composition of clay from the Krasnoyarsk deposit in comparison with clay from the Sukpak deposit promote an enhancement of the technological properties of the former. Cake from dearsenation contains, along with silicate components, also sodium-magnesium silicate, which may promote the formation of readily melting structures in the formed multicomponent system. The cake is almost free from arsenic, which makes it possible to use it as an initial technogenic raw material for the production of various types of building materials and ceramic products. In the composition of sludge, an arsenic-containing compound of the group of vivianites was detected. It is parasimplesite, Fe3(AsO4).8H2O; it decomposes when the mixtures are heated, interacts with CaO and forms a new compound – johnbraumite Ca5(AsO4)3(OH). If this compound is present in rather high concentration (about 13 %) in the sludge, the use of the sludge in ceramic production may be decided only after special investigation. |
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Ключевые слова |
clays, sludge, dearsenation cake, thermal analysis, X-ray phase analysis, silicates, aluminosilicates, amorphous oxides. |
