Title: On the optimal ratio of the hardness of wheel and rail steel, ensuring minimal wear of the wheel-rail friction pair

Authors: Moldakhmetova A.,Kanaev A. Download the article in PDF

Abstract: In this work, to identify the optimum between the hardness of the wheel and the rail, which ensures minimal wear, methods were used to determine wear by mass loss (volumetric wear) and by micrometric measurement of the size of the imprint (linear wear). It has been shown that the optimal range of wheel and rail hardness, determined by measuring (reducing) the size of the indentation, is in the range of 1.38-1.55. This interval practically confirms the wear identified by mass loss of 1.41-1.58. Based on these data, it is recommended to use the average value of the ratio between them, namely, 1.39-1.56 (HVк556-655, HVр400-420), which does not violate the objectivity and accuracy of measurements, both when determining volumetric and linear wear. It is noted that there is no magic relationship between the hardness of a wheel and a rail; there is only an optimal hardness for wheels and rails, determined by several internal (chemical composition, structure, properties, etc.) and external (friction coefficient, degree of slippage, presence or absence of lubrication, axle loads, etc.) factors.

Keywords: wheel, rail, hardness ratio, friction pair, wear, weighing, sample mass, measurement, print size.

Cite this article as: Moldakhmetova, A., Kanaev, A. (2024). On the optimal ratio of the hardness of wheel and rail steel, ensuring minimal wear of the wheel-rail friction pair. Challenges of Science. Issue VII, pp. 5-10. https://doi.org/10.31643/2024.01

Title: Impact of online language learning on psychological well-being

Authors: Ketebayeva E., Kassymova G., Ponniah K., Makhmut A. Download the article in PDF

Abstract: The topic of the impact of online language learning on psychological well-being is gaining increasing attention due to the shift towards digital learning platforms. Online language learning offers convenience, flexibility, and a wide range of resources, which can positively influence individuals' self-confidence, cultural understanding, and sense of achievement. This study examines the influence of online language learning platforms on psychological aspects. The study was conducted through a google form survey consisting of 10 questions in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Research shows that using online language learning platforms can make people feel happier and less stressed. Learning a new language online reduces loneliness and provides confidence. These platforms can also help improve communication skills and understanding of different cultures. Setting goals, tracking progress, and receiving rewards on these platforms can help keep people motivated and interested in the learning process. The results, presented through tables and detailed analysis, indicate the positive impact of online language learning on reducing feelings of isolation, enhancing stress levels, and improving communication skills. The findings shed light on the potential benefits of online platforms in promoting psychological well-being through accessible learning opportunities.

Keywords: students, online platforms, learning, psychology, stress, motivation, communication.

Cite this article as: Ketebayeva, E., Kassymova, G., Ponniah, K., Makhmut, A. (2024). Impact of online language learning on psychological well-being. Challenges of Science. Issue VII, pp. 11-19. https://doi.org/10.31643/2024.02

Title: Language as a mirror of the people

Authors: Dzhambulova Zh., Serik A., Orynbayeva A., Rzabayeva D. Download the article in PDF

Abstract: This article explores the connection between language and culture, arguing that language is indeed a mirror of the people. By analyzing linguistic features and expressions, we uncover the essence of society, its history, and values. Viewing language as a reflection of collective experience, we understand that it not only conveys information but also expresses identity and cultural heritage. Language serves as a reflection of a society's culture, values, and collective identity. In this article, we endeavor to explore the challenges encountered by educators in the classroom while instructing a foreign language. Through comprehensive examination and analysis, we aim to identify the various hurdles that teachers confront in this endeavor. By delving into factors such as linguistic differences, cultural barriers, student engagement levels, and resource limitations, we seek to shed light on the multifaceted nature of these obstacles. Additionally, we strive to provide insights and potential strategies for overcoming these challenges, thereby facilitating more effective foreign language instruction in educational settings.

Keywords: mirror, people, linguistics, identity, students, interculture.

Cite this article as: Dzhambulova, Zh., Serik, A., Orynbayeva, A., Rzabayeva, D. (2024). Language as a mirror of the people. Challenges of Science. Issue VII, pp. 20-25. https://doi.org/10.31643/2024.03

Title: A Bibliometric Review on Exploring Digital Literacy Assessment Dynamics in Education

Authors: Begimbetova G.A., Retnawati H., Ndayizeye O., Flindt N., Kassymova G.K. Download the article in PDF

Abstract: The increasing role of technology in education underscores the need for strong digital literacy skills among teachers. However, assessing these skills in pre-service teachers remains an under-researched area. This study employed a quantitative approach with the help of RStudio, analyzing 664 articles (2015-2024) to investigate trends and patterns in digital literacy assessment for teacher education. The analysis revealed a robust field with a 5.07% annual growth rate and strong author collaboration (only 58 single-authored works). Average citations per document (24.08) indicated impactful research, with China emerging as a leading contributor. Beyond mere skills testing, keyword analysis uncovered broader research themes like education, e-learning, and digital technologies. Network analyses further highlighted the interdisciplinary nature of the field. This study emphasizes the need for comprehensive assessment tools encompassing the multifaceted aspects of digital literacy to ensure teacher students' preparedness for the modern educational landscape.

Keywords: digital literacy, cognitive tests, teacher, students, education.

Cite this article as: Begimbetova, G.A., Retnawati, H., Ndayizeye, O., Flindt, N., Kassymova, G.K. (2024). A Bibliometric Review on Exploring Digital Literacy Assessment Dynamics in Education. Challenges of Science. Issue VII, pp. 26-37. https://doi.org/10.31643/2024.04

Title: Evaluating Student Self-Management, Interpersonal Skills, and Academic Behaviors

Authors: Kassymova G.K., Nursa'ban M., Suleimen S.B., Rifqiyah F., Sultan J. Download the article in PDF

Abstract: This study examines the relationships between student self-management, interpersonal skills, and academic behavior through detailed statistical analysis of survey data. The survey used a Likert scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree" to assess respondents' perceptions of these three areas. To analyze the data, we used the JASP Frequencies: Binomial Test function, which was specifically designed to calculate confidence intervals for the proportions of responses at each level of agreement. The analysis involved calculating 95% confidence intervals for the proportion of respondents who selected each Likert scale category for each survey item. These intervals provide a range within which the true proportion of responses may fall, offering insights into general trends and the distribution of respondents' views. In addition, we used the Vovk-Sellke maximum p-ratio to further interpret the significance of the results to help understand the strength of the evidence against the null hypothesis. This exploratory analysis not only demonstrates the variability and reliability of respondents' responses, but also provides a deeper understanding of how students' self-management, interpersonal skills, and academic behaviors are perceived at different levels of agreement. Using these statistical methods, research aims to uncover patterns and relationships in the data, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of the factors that influence student achievement.

Keywords: self-management, interpersonal skills, academic behaviours, students, education.

Cite this article as: Kassymova, G.K., Nursa'ban, M., Suleimen, S.B., Rifqiyah, F., Sultan, J. (2024). Evaluating Student Self-Management, Interpersonal Skills, and Academic Behaviors. Challenges of Science. Issue VII, pp. 38-45. https://doi.org/10.31643/2024.05

Title: The use of diatomites in industrial production technologies

Authors: Temirova S., Fischer D., Kuldeyev Ye. Download the article in PDF

Abstract: General information on the distribution and reserves of diatomites in the world and Kazakhstan is presented, and their physical and chemical properties and applications are described. Diatomites have several valuable properties: high porosity, refractoriness, acid resistance, low thermal and acoustic conductivity, low bulk density and due to the large specific surface exhibit significant absorption capacity. It allows to use of them as fillers and heat-insulating materials in building technologies, filtering materials in the food industry, adsorbents in medicine, soil structuring agents and carriers of insecticides in the agrarian industry. The technologies for obtaining several industrial products with the use of Kazakhstani diatomites are described: as dry building mixtures, silicate bricks, foam glass, hydraulic binders, and iron oxide pigments.

Keywords: diatomites, industrial application, dry building mixtures, foam glass, iron oxide pigments.

Cite this article as: Temirova, S., Fischer, D., Kuldeyev, Ye. (2024) The use of diatomites in industrial production technologies. Challenges of Science. Issue VII, pp. 46-51. https://doi.org/10.31643/2024.06

Title: Wastewater treatment from hydrogen sulphide using iron-containing coagulant

Authors: Temirova S., Fischer D., Kuldeyev Ye. Download the article in PDF

Abstract: The increase of sulphate content in natural water sources due to anthropogenic causes leads to a corresponding increase of sulphate and sulphide concentrations in wastewater. Biochemical reactions occurring in sewage systems of sulphate reduction to sulphides and their subsequent oxidation to sulphuric acid cause microbially induced acid corrosion of concrete pipes. In addition, biochemical processes occurring in wastewater are accompanied by the release of toxic gases, including hydrogen sulphide, which adversely affect the human body. The methods based on the binding of hydrogen sulphide into insoluble metal sulphide are recognised as promising for the treatment of sulphide-containing waters. For the realisation of the process, it is offered to use iron compounds as the least toxic and relatively cheap reagents. The complex coagulant based on ferric diatomite, sodium ferrite and iron compounds for the treatment of wastewater from hydrogen sulphide is developed. Test tests of iron-containing coagulant have been carried out: at a flow rate of sewage 2,73 m³/hour, optimal dose of reagent 90 mg/l the concentration of hydrogen sulphide in treated water is 1,07 mg/l, that is close to maximum permissible concentration (MPC) values for sewage - 1 mg/l.

Keywords: wastewater, diatomites, industrial applications, dry mixes, foam glass, iron oxide pigments

Cite this article as: Temirova, S., Fischer, D., Kuldeyev, Ye. (2024) Temirova, S., Fischer, D., Kuldeyev, Ye. (2024). Wastewater treatment from hydrogen sulphide using iron-containing coagulant. Challenges of Science. Issue VII, pp. 52-56. https://doi.org/10.31643/2024.07

Title: On the possibility of processing technogenic flotation raw materials of Kazakhstani deposits with the use of a modified collector

Authors: Turysbeko D., Semushkina L., Kaldybayeva Zh., Tussupbayev N., Narbekova S., Musina M. Download the article in PDF

Abstract: The purpose of work - flotation processing of copper-lead-zinc tailings using a modified collector - a mixture of modified butyl xanthate and aeroflot in combination with N-allyl-o-isobutylthionocarbamate. According to the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis in the initial sample of flotation enrichment tailings, the content of lead was 0.048%, copper - 0.03%, zinc - 1.501%, iron - 2.863%. The main part of tailings is represented by rock-forming minerals: quartz, calcite, talc, chrysotile, albite, clinochlore, muscovite, dolomite, and pyrite. The optimal basic reagent scheme of tailings flotation was selected: degree of regrind 78% of -0.040 mm class, sodium butyl xanthate consumption 150 g/t, T-92 frother consumption 80 g/t. Under the selected regime, a collective copper-lead-zinc concentrate was obtained containing 2.0% copper at 67.11% recovery; 1.6% lead at 62.02% recovery; 3.2% zinc at 62.02% recovery; 7.0% iron at 41.67% recovery; 4.1 g/t gold at 54.45% recovery. The reagent scheme of flotation of copper-lead-zinc tailings with the application of a modified collector was tested. Its application allows for increased recovery in the collective copper-lead-zinc concentrate: copper - by 9.63%, lead - by 8.41%, zinc - by 9.2%, iron - by 2.73%, gold - by 3.57%. At the same time the consumption of modified collector, compared to butyl xanthate, is reduced by 33%, and the consumption of basic foaming agent T-92 is reduced by 25%.

Keywords: anthropogenic waste, flotation, modified collector, concentrate.

Cite this article as: Turysbekov, D., Semushkina, L., Kaldybayeva, Zh., Tussupbayev, N., Narbekova, S., Musina, M. (2024). On the possibility of processing technogenic flotation raw materials of Kazakhstani deposits with the use of a modified collector. Challenges of Science. Issue VII, pp. 57-64. https://doi.org/10.31643/2024.08

Title: Effect of modifier reagent on sulfite ion oxidation during selective separation of copper and lead sulfides

Authors: Turysbekov D., Tussupbayev N., Semushkina L., Narbekova S., Kaldybayeva Zh.,

Mukhamedilova A. Download the article in PDF

Abstract: Oxidation of minerals and reagents, the mechanism of interaction of components of the liquid phase of the pulp between themselves and with the surface of ore-forming minerals have the greatest impact on selective flotation. The study of redox processes occurring in sulfide ores and pulps and leading to changes in the physical and chemical surface properties of minerals is an urgent task. The influence of divalent and trivalent forms of iron on the oxidation of sulfite ions in the pH range of 6-12 at different flotation conditions has been studied. It was found that 95-98% of sulfite ions are oxidized in the pH range of 6-8.5 in the presence of a mixture of divalent and trivalent iron oxides under aeration conditions for 8-10 min.

Keywords: flotation, modifier, selection, oxidation, sulfite ions.

Cite this article as: Turysbekov, D., Tussupbayev, N., Semushkina, L., Narbekova, S., Kaldybayeva, Zh., Mukhamedilova, A. (2024). Effect of modifier reagent on sulfite ion oxidation during selective separation of copper and lead sulfides. Challenges of Science. Issue VII, pp. 65-70. https://doi.org/10.31643/2024.09

Title: Study of acid treatment of lithium-manganese precursors

Authors: Yersaiynova A.A., Yessengaziyev A.M., Karshyga Z.B., Orynbayev B.M. Download the article in PDF

Abstract: Lithium production in Kazakhstan could be strategically important for the country as there has been a growing demand for this metal for the production of lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used in electric vehicles, portable devices and for storing energy from renewable sources. In addition, Kazakhstan is actively developing its lithium industry and is looking for ways to make the most efficient use of its lithium resources to support global energy. The use of highly selective sorbents can play a decisive role in the development of lithium-containing natural resources. The paper presents the results of research on acid treatment. X-ray phase analysis showed that the obtained manganese dioxide sorbent has a cubic crystal lattice structure.

Keywords: acid treatment, lithium-manganese precursors, hydrochloric acid, X-ray diffraction analysis, sorbent.

Cite this article as: Yersaiynova A.A., Yessengaziyev A.M., Karshyga, Z.B., Orynbayev B.M. (2024). Study of acid treatment of lithium-manganese precursors. Challenges of Science. Issue VII, pp. 71-75. https://doi.org/10.31643/2024.10

Title: Mapping Educational Technology Trends in Physical Education: A Bibliometric Analysis Based on The Scopus Database

Authors: Suardi I.K., Sultan J., Nur E.A., Nurjanah S. Download the article in PDF

Abstract: In recent years, digital technologies have played a key role in transforming education, including physical education. This research aims to provide an overview of the application of technology in education, as well as explore its opportunities and challenges in physical education. This study uses secondary data from the Scopus database, consisting of 350 articles published between 1980 and 2024. The selection of articles is based on inclusion criteria that include the keywords "education," "technology," and "physical education" in the title, abstract, or keyword, as well as being included in the social sciences area. The analysis was conducted using the R and VOSviewer applications. The first publication appeared in 1980, with an upward trend starting in 2012 till now. Lviv Polytechnic National University is the most relevant affiliate, while Retos is the journal with the most publications. "Sport, Education, and Society" is the most impactful journal. The most relevant author is Blavt, O., while Goodyear, V.A. is the author with the greatest impact. The keyword "multimedia system" emerged in 2019 and peaked in 2023, along with the keyword "e-learning." The VOSviewer analysis identified three research clusters, and topics such as 'teacher experience' and 'challenges' were found to be still rarely explored, thus offering future research opportunities. The results of this study are useful as a reference for academics and physical education practitioners who want to research the topic of educational technology.

Keywords: Bibliometrics, educational technology, physical education.

Cite this article as: Suardi, I.K., Sultan, J., Nur, E.A., Nurjanah, S. (2024). Mapping Educational Technology Trends in Physical Education: A Bibliometric Analysis Based on The Scopus Database. Challenges of Science. Issue VII, pp. 76-88.https://doi.org/10.31643/2024.11