MINERALS BENEFICATION
Title | SEMI-INDUSTRIAL TESTS OF FLOTATION REAGENT FROM RICE HUSK AS COLLECTOR |
Authors | Yefremova S.V., Bunchuk L.V., Li E.M., Niyazov A.A., Sukharnikov Yu.I. (Almaty) |
Author´s information |
National Center on Complex processing of Mineral Raw Materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan RSE, Silicon-carbon Composites Laboratory, Almaty, Kazakhstan Yefremova S.V., Dr. Tech. Sci., Professor, Head Scientific Secretary of the Center, e-mail: secretar_rgp@mail.ru Bunchuk L.V., Cand. Tech. Sci., Senior Researcher, Sukharnikov Yu.I., Dr. Tech. Sci., Professor, Chief Researcher NCCPMRM RK RSE branch – «Kazmekhanobr» SSPAIE Li E.M., Head of the Department of Mineral Processing and Semi-Industrial Testing Niyazov A.A, Cand. Tech. Sci., Deputy Director |
Abstract | At thermal processing of rice husk, pyrolyzate – an organic product (OP), representing a water solution of organic compounds of different classes has been obtained. The presence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic group of atoms in the components of the organic product provides its heteropolar structure. In the conditions of the concentrated plant of SNPUIE Kazmekhnabor RSE “NCCPMRM RK” branch the semi-industrial tests of organic product of rice husk pyrolysis as the collecting agent were conducted on the example of enrichment of polymetal lead-zinc ore of the Akzhal minefield. The organic product has been tested in comparison with the danafloat TM067 selecting agent, by replacing 50 % of its amount, added in all cycles of enrichment technological process. The results of comparative experiments of ore flotation by base regime (with the use of danafloat TM 067) and experimental regime (with the use of the new flotation reagent OP in a composition of the danafloat TM 067:OP = 1:1) has showed that organic product of rice husk pyrolysis shows selective properties and provides the improvement of flotation indicators. Adding of the water-diluted OP solution in ratio 1:1 instead of danafloat TM 067 allows increasing the content of the lead to 0.20 % in the lead concentrate and zinc – to 0.38 % in the zinc concentrate during the increase of metal extraction. It is recommended to use the organic product of rice husk pyrolysis as the universal flotation reagent for lead-zinc ores enrichment. |
Key words | flotation, flotation agent, collector, enrichment, rice husk, organic product of rice husk pyrolysis, lead-zinc ore |
References |
1 Genieva S., Turmanova S., Dimitrov A., Petkov P., Vlaev L. Thermal degradation of rice husks on a pilot plant Utilization of the products as adsorbents for oil spill cleanup. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2012. 110(1), 111-118 (in Eng). 2 Lattuada R. M., Peralba M. C. R., Dos Santos J. H. Z., Fisch A. G. Peat, Rice Husk and Rice Husk Carbon as Low-Cost Adsorbents for Metals from Acidic Aqueous Solutions. Separation Science and Technology. 2014. 49(1), 101-111(in Eng). 3 Na Chun Ki. Preparation of Biosorbent using Rice Husk: Introduce Anion-sorption Functional Group by Copolymerization with GMA and Subsequent Amination. Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management. 2014. 31(7), 725-733 (in Eng). 4 Chen H., Zhao L., Wang X., He X., Fang W., Wang X., Wang F. Hybrid one-dimensional nanostructure based on biomorphic porous SiO2 through in-situ catalytic pyrolysis of rice husk. Ceramics International. 2015. 41(4), 6089-6097 (in Eng). 5 Singh S.K., Mohanty B.C., Basu S. Synthesis of SiC from rice husk in a plasma reactor. Bulletin of Materials Science. 2002. 25(6), 561-563 (in Eng). 6 Bazargan A., Bazargan M., McKay G. Optimization of rice husk pretreatment for energy production. Renewable Energy. 2015. 77, 512-520 (in Eng). 7 Zhang S.P., Chen T., Xiong Y.Q., Dong Q. Effects of wet torrefaction on the physicochemical properties and pyrolysis product properties of rice husk. Energy Conversion and Management. 2017. 141, 403-409 (in Eng). 8 Zhang H., Ding X., Chen X., Ma Yu., Wang Z., Zhao X. A new method of utilizing rice husk: Consecutively preparing d-xylose, organosolv lignin, ethanol and amorphous superfine silica. Journal of hazardous materials. 2015. 291, 65-73 (in Eng). 9 Yefremova S., Sukharnikov Yu., Bounchuk L., Kablanbekov A., Li E., Niyazov A., Shalgimbayev S., Zharmenov A. Development of a new flotation reagent based on rice husk. Mine Planning and Equipment Selection Symposium: Proceedings of the 26th Internation. Conf. Luleå, Sweden, 2017. 265-270 (in Eng). 10 Yefremova S., Bunchuk L., Sukharnikov Yu., Li Eh., Niyazov A., Shalgimbayev S., Zharmenov A. Opytno-promyshlennie ispytaniya flotoreagenta iz risovoj sheluhi v kachestve vspenivatelya (Semi-industrial tests of flotation from rice husk as blowing agent). Promyshlennost’ Kazakhstana = Industry of Kazakhstan. 2017. 1, 27-28 (in Russ). 11 Yefremova S.V., Sukharnikov Yu.I., Yeremin Yu.P., Bunchuk L.V., Anderson K.J. Otsenka flotacionnoj aktivnosti pirolizata ot risovoj sheluhi pri obogashchenii trudnoobogatimih rud (Estimate of flotation activity of rice husk pyrolizate in refractory ores enrichment). Zhidkost na granice razdela faz – teoriya i praktika. Abishevskie chteniya-2006: Mater. Mezhdunar. Nauch.-prakt. konf. (Fluid at the interface – theory and practice. Abishev’s readings-2006: Proceedings of the Internation. Science&Practice Conf.) Karaganda, Kazakhstan, 2006. 84-87. (in Russ). |
METALLURGY
Title | PRODUCTION OF TITANIUM, ALLOYS AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS BY ELECTROLYSIS OF OXIDES IN CALCIUM CHLORIDE MELT: FFC CAMBRIDGE PROCESS. REVIEW |
Authors | Balikhin A.V., Simonov M.I (Moscow, Russia) |
Author´s information |
Russian Institute for Scientific and Technical Information of Russian Academy of Sciences, dep. for Metallurgy abstracts journal gathering, Moscow, Russia Balikhin A.V., Scientific editor of abstract journal “Metallurgy of the non-ferrous metals”, e-mail: andrefrenc@gmail.com Simonov M.I., Cand. Tech. Sci., Scientific editor of abstract journal “Metallurgy and Powder Metallurgy” |
Abstract | The object of the study is a method for producing metallic titanium and its alloys based on cathodic solid-phase electrolysis of titanium dioxide in molten calcium chloride. A review of literary sources is given. The method was developed in the mid-nineties of the XX century at the Cambridge University and is called the FFC Method. The method can be competitive with the traditional Kroll method and is characterized by the simplicity of technology and hardware design, by the use of cheap raw materials and environmental safety. The FFC method makes it possible to process natural minerals directly, for example rutile, while a number of other methods, for example magnesium-thermal, require intermediate production of titanium tetrachloride from the initial ores. The actuality of titanium production with the help of the FFC Cambridge process, possible variants of the mechanism of the reaction for the production of titanium, its alloys and composite materials during the cathodic reduction of oxides in the solid state, as well as the environmental aspects of the implementation of this method are considered. So it is necessary to get detailed technological and economical evaluation of the method. It is pointed out the need for further studies of the FFC method in institutes with electrochemical profile to determine its effectiveness for the production of cheap titanium, refractory alloys and composite materials. |
Key words | titanium, dioxide, alloys, composite materials, melt electrolysis, electrochemical reduction, calcium chloride, deoxidation mechanism, production cheapen |
References |
1 Balikhin A.V. Perspektivy proizvodstva deshiovogo titana metodom elektroliza jego dioksida v rasplavlennych soliach. (Prospects of cheap titanium production by elektrolysis dioxide in molten salts). Elektrometalurgia. 2014,10, 14-18. (in Russ.) 2 Reznichenko V.A., Balikhin V. S., Kariazin I. A. Vlianije dvuokisi titana na elektroprovodnost’ shlakov. Sb. tr. Akademii Nauk (The effect of titanium dioxide on electrical conductivity of slags). Titan i ego splavy (Titanium and its alloys). Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1960. 4. 24-27 (in Russ.) 3 Mashkovich M.D. Priroda provodimosti titanosoderzhashchikh keramicheskikh materialov (The nature of conductivity of containing titanium ceramic materials). Trudy Ehlektrokeramicheskogo instituta. (Proceedings of Electro-ceramics Institute) Moscow. 1957. 2. 92-100 (in Russ.) 4 Palguev S.F., Neujmin A.D. Issledovanie kharaktera provodimosti tverdykh oksidov metodom eh.d.s. (The study of the nature of solid oxides conductivity by the method of electromotive force). Trudy Instituta ehlektrokhimii UF AN USSR. (Proceedings of Electrochemistry Institute of AS USSR) Еkaterinburg. 1960. 1. 111-119 (in Russ.) 5 Benson L.L., Mellor I., Jackson M. Direct reduction of synthetic rutile using the FFC process to produce low-cost novel titanium alloys. Journal of Materials Science. 2016. 51. 4250–4261 (in Eng.) 6 Balikhin V. S., Reznichenko V.A. Electroprovodnost’ titanovykh shlakov (The electrical conductivity of titanium slags). Titan i ego splavy = Titanium and its alloys. Moscow: Proceedings of. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1961. 5. 95-101 (in Russ.) 7 Balikhin V. S., Reznichenko V.A. Ob ehlectrolize oksidnykh soedinenij titana (On the electrolysis of titanium oxide compounds). Protsessy proizvodstva titana i ego dvuokisi (Processes of titanium and titanium dioxide producing) Moscow: Nauka. 1973. 182-188 (in Russ.) 8 Patent 99064638А1 WO. Removal of oxygen from metal oxides and solid solutions by electrolysis in a fused saldlt / Fray D.J., Farthing T.W., Chen G.Z. [Electron resource] 1999. URL: file:///C:/Users/1/Downloads/WO9964638A1FFC1999%20(1).pdf. (date of access 19.06.2017) (in Eng.) 9 Schwandt C., Dougty G.R., Fray D.J. The FFC-Cambridge Process for Titanium Metal Winning. Journal Key Engineering Materials. 2010. 436. 13-25 (in Eng.) 10 Schwandt C., Fray D.J. Determination of the kinetic pathway in the electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide in molten calcium chloride. Electrochimica Acta. 2005. 51. 66-76 (in Eng.) 11 Yuan Chang-long., Zhang Ting-an., Dou Zhi-he. Investigation of Anode and Electrode Processes of Solid State in Situ Electrochemical Reduction from TiO2 to Ti. Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science). 2012. 33. 9. 1307-1310 (in Eng.) 12 Alexander D.T.L., Schwandt C., Fray D.J. Microstructural kinetics of phose transformations during electrochemical reduction of titanium oxide in molten calcium chloride .Acta Material. 2006. 54. 2933-2944 (in Eng.) 13 Schwandt C., Alexander D.T.L., Fray D.J The electro-deoxidation of porous titanium dioxide precursors in molten calcium chloride under cathodic potential control. Electrochimica Acta. 2009. 54. 3819-3829 (in Eng.) 14 Oosthuizen S.J. In search of low cost titanium: FFC Cambridge process. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. 2011. 111. 3. 199-202 (in Eng.) 15 Patent 2009010737A2 WO. Calcium ruthenate electrod materials / Fray D.J., Doughty G.R. [Electron resource]. 2009. URL: https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox/15f5916a75e6ad55?projector=1 (date of access 05.02.2017) (in Eng.) 16 Du Jihong., You Lei. Study on Preparation of Ti 12 LC Alloy by Electro-deoxidation of Metal Oxides in the Molten Salt. Rare Metal Mater. and Engineering. 2012. 41. 12. 2191-2194 (in Eng.) 17 Dring K., Bhagat R., Jackson M. Direct electrochemical production of Ti-10W alloys from mixed oxide prefrom precursors. J. Alloys and Compounds. 2006. 419. 1-2. 103-109 (in Eng.) 18 Wang B.X., Bhagat R., Lan X.Z., Dashwood R.J. Production of Ni-35Ti-15Hf alloy via the FFC Cambridge Process. [Electron resource]. 2011. URL: http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1149/1.3615845 (date of access: 03.09.2017) (in Eng.) 19 Shi R., Bai C. Experimental investigation on the formation mechanism of the alloy by the molten salt electrolysis titanium concentrate. J. of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B. 2011. 47. 99-104 (in Eng.) 20 Xiong Gang Lu., Xing Li Zou. Green Electrochemical Process Solid Oxide Oxigen-Ion-Conducting Membrane: Direct Extraction of Ti-Fe-Alloys from Natural Ilmenite. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2012. 43. June. 503-518 (in Eng.) 21 Mohanty J. Electrolytic reduction of titania slag in molten calcium chloride bath. JOM: J. Miner. Metals and Material Society. 2012. 64. 5. 582-584 (in Eng.) 22 Xingli Zou., Shangshu Li., Xionggang Lu., Qian Xu., Chaoyi Chen., Shuqiang Guo., Zhongfu Zhou. Direct Extraction of Titanium Alloys/Composites from Titanium Compounds Ores in Molten CaCl2. Materials Transactions. 2017. 58. 3. 331-340 (in Eng.) 23 Klopotov A.A., Abzajev Y.A., Petrikova E. A., Budovskich E.A., Gromov V.E. Ehlektronno-ionno-plazmennye metody nanostrukturirovanija poverchnostnogo sloja splavov na osnovie titana i aliuminiya (Electron-ion-plasma methods of nanostructuring of surface layer of titanium and aluminium alloys). Vzaimodejstvie izluchenij s tverdym telom:10-ya mezhdunar. konf. (Interaction of Irradiation with Solid Body: 10th Internation. Conf.). Minsk, Belorussia. 2013. 259 (in Russ.) 24 Schwandt C., Fray D.J. The Electrochemical Reduction of Chromium Sesquioxde in Molten Calcium Chloride under Cathodic Potential Control. Zeitschrift Naturforsehung. 2007. 62А. 655-670 (in Eng.) 25 Hu Di., Xiao Wie., Chen George Z. Near-Net-Shape Production of Hollow Titanium Alloy Components via Electrochemical Reduction of Metal Oxide Pracursors in Molten Salts. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. 2013. 44. 2. 272-282 (in Eng.) 26 Ob ugroze klassicheskomu proizvodstvu titana (About the threat to classical production of titanium). Metallurgicheskij byulleten = Bulletin of Metallurgy. 2004. 8 (36). 23. (in Russ.) 27 Lebedev V.A., Rogozhnikov D.A. Metallurgiiy titana (Metallurgy of titanium). Еkaterinburg. Publish: UMTS UPI. 2015. 193 (in Russ.) 28 Parfenov O.G., Pashkov G.V. Problemy sovremennoj metallurgii titana (Problems of modern metallurgy of titanium). Otv. Red. Mikhnev A.D. Novosibirsk: SO RAN. 2008. 279 (in Russ.) 29 Ryosuke O. Suzuki., Hiromi Noguchi., Niromasa Hada., Shungo Natsui., Tatsuya Kikuchi. Reduction of CaTiO3 in Molten CaCl2 – as Basic Understanding of Electrolysis. Materials Transactions. 2017. 58. 3. 341-349 (in Eng.) 30 Galam Govinda Rajulu., M.Girish Kumar., K.Srinivas Rao., B.Hari Babu., Chaganti RVS Nagesh. Carbon Dioxide (СО2) Rеleased in the Electrochemical Reduction of Titanium Dioxide ( TiO2 ) to Titanium Metal. Materials Transactions. 2017. 58. 6. 914-920 (in Eng.) 31 Besedin A.V., Goremykin I.V., Kobelev N.S. Ehkologicheskije aspekty FFC Cambridge processa proizvodstva titana (Environmental aspects of the production FFC Cambridge process of titanium). Aktualnye problemy ehkologii i okhrany truda (Actual problems of ecology and labor protection): mater. 6 mezhdunar. nauch-prakt. konf.(proceedings of 6 Internation. Sci. and Pract. Conf.). Kursk, Russia. 23 may 2014. 24-28. 284-285 (in Russ.) 32 Meilong Hu., Qu Zhengfeng., Bai Chenguang., Di Hu., George Z.Chen. Effect of the Changed Ehlectrolytic Cell on the Current Efficiency in FFC Cambridge Process. Materials Transactions. 2017. 58. 3. 322-325. (in Eng.) |
Title | BIOTECHNOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE REGENERATION OF FERRIC IRON AND SORPTION OF RARE AND RARE EARTH METALS FROM CIRCULATING SOLUTIONS OF URANIUM IN-SITU LEACH |
Authors | Balpanov D.S., Ten O.A., Zhappar N.K., Shaikhutdinov V.M., Khannanov R.A. (Stepnogorsk) |
Author´s information |
Biomedpreparat Scientific-Analytical Center, lab of . Biotechnology, Stepnogorsk, Kazakhstan Balpanov D.S., Cand. Сhem. Sci., senior scientific worker Ten O.A., Cand. Biol. Sci., senior scientific worker Zhappar N.K., scientific worker Shaikhutdinov V.M., master, alternate director Khannanov R.A., specialist, head of lab., e-mail: khanrinat@mail.ru |
Abstract | The article covers current issues of hydrometallurgy, particularly, biotechnological methods implementation into underground-well leaching of uranium. The work describes psychrotolerant strains of chemolithotrophic microorganisms Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans SU-4, UZ-1, UZ-2, UZ-3, which are able to oxidize ferrous ions (Fe2+) to ferric ions (Fe3+) and therefore increasing redox potential of the technological solution pumped into a reservoir. These microorganisms could be a good alternative to currently used oxidant in terms of ecological and economical side. Use of the biotechnological method has also another significantly positive aspect: uranium ore comprise associations of rare and rare-earth metals in the amount allowed for industrial-scale production. As a model object the technological solutions from a deposit Semizbay U (Akmola region) containing selenium, germanium and scandium were studied. The research focused on different microorganisms those are capable of biosorption and bioaccumulation of rare and rare-earth metals, particularly three of them were selected as potential biosorption agents and were used to create a consortium. The consortium was formed by using Rhizopus sp. FZ-1, Monoraphidium sp. CZ and Pseudomonas putida KS28 with the ratio of 1:3:2, respectively. This consortium was able to accumulate 196 mg/g of selenium, 95 mg/g of germanium and 71 mg/g of scandium. Thus, further implementation of biotechnology into hydrometallurgy will significantly help to improve profitability of current deposits as well as to decrease impact to environment of regions with intensive mining industries. |
Key words | underground-well uranium leaching, biotechnology, biosorption, rare and rare-earth metals |
References |
1 Asrorov A. Aziatskij uranovyj proekt (Asian uranium project) [Electron. resource] 2006. URL: http://www.apn.kz/publications/article7145.htm (Date of access 15.09.2017). (in Russ.). 2 Razrabotka tekhnologii podzemnogo bakterial’nogo-khimicheskogo skvazhinnogo vyshchelachivaniya urana s poputnym, kompleksnym izvlecheniem redkikh i redkozemel’nykh metallov iz uranovykh mestorozhdenij Severnogo Kazakhstana: Otchet o NIR (Development of technology for underground bacterial-chemical well leaching of uranium with consentient, integrated recovery of rare and rare-earth metals from uranium deposits of North Kazakhstan: RSW Report) / TOO «Nauchno-analiticheskij tsentr «Biomedpreparat»: (Scientific- analytical Center – Biomedpreparat LTD) leadership Balpanov D.S.; executor Hannanov R.A. Stepnogorsk, 2016. 70. State Registration N 0115RK02991. Inventory N 0217RK02333. (in Russ.). 3 Mamilov V.A. Dobycha urana metodom podzemnogo vyshchelachivaniya (The extraction of uranium by the method of underground leaching). Moscow: Atomizdat.1980, 248. (in Russ.). 4 Naimanbaev M.А. Proizvodstvo redkozemel’nykh ehlementov v Kazakhstane (Production of rare earth elements in Kazakhstan) Promyshlennost’ Kazakhstana=Industry of Kazakhstan. 2008. 2, 12-16 (in Russ.). 5 Philip L., Iyengar L. and Venkobachar C. Biosorption of U, La, Pr, Nd, Eu, and Dy by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2000. 25. 1-7. (in Eng.). 6 Andrès Y., MacCordick H.J., Hubert J.C. Adsorption of several actinide (Th, U) and lanthanide (La, Eu, Yb) ions by Mycobacterium smegmatis. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1993. 39, 413-417. (in Eng.). 7 Vijayaraghavan K., Yeoung-Sang Yun. Bacterial biosorbents and biosorption. Biotechnology Advances. 2008. 26, 266–291. (in Eng.). 8 Karavajko G.I., Rossi Dzh., Agate A., Grudnev S., Avakyan Z.A. Biogeotekhnologiya metallov (Biotechnology of metals). Prakticheskoe rukovodstvo (Practical guide). Moscow: Vneshtorgizdat, 1989. 51-54. (in Russ.) 9 Netrusova A.I. Praktikum po mikrobiologii. (Workshop on microbiology). Moscow: Akademiya. 2005, 608. (in Russ.). 10 Johnston A., Booth C. Plant pathologist’s pocketbook. London: Common Wealth Mycological Institute. 1983, 520. (in Eng.). 11 Vogel A.I. Vodel’s textbook of quantitative chemical. London: A.I. Vogel, 1989. 690. (in Eng.). 12 Hafezov I., Calev D. Atomno-adsorbtsionnyj analiz (Atomic-adsorption analysis). Per. s bolg.pod red. (translation from Bulgarian under editorship of S.Z. Yakovleva). Leningrad: Khimiya. 1983, 144. (in Russ.) |
Title | COMPLEX PROCESSING OF DATOLITE MINERAL RAW MATERIALS WITH AMMONIUM HIDRODIFLUORIDE |
Authors | Krysenko G.F., Epov D.G., Merkulov E.B., Medkov M.A. (Vladivostok, Russia) |
Author´s information |
Institute of Chemistry of Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, lab. of processing of mineral raw materials, Vladivostok, Russia Krysenko G.F., Cand. Chem. Sci., researcher, e-mail: krisenko@ich.dvo.ru Epov D.G., Cand. Chem. Sci.,, leading engineer Medkov M.A. Dr. Chem. Sci.,, professor, head of lab.
Lab. of optical materials Merkulov E.B., Cand. Chem. Sci.,,, researcher |
Abstract | The data on investigation of the possibility of complex processing of the datolite minerals with ammonium hydrodifluoride are presented. The fluorination breakdown of the datolite minerals with ammonium hydrodifluoride was carried out in a nickel container that was placed into the reactor with electric heating, at temperature 150 ° C and a mass ratio of a datolite ore to a fluorinating reagent 1: 2.3. Thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and chemical analyses were used. Thermogravimetric study showed that the processes occurring during ammonium hydrodifluoride breakdown of datolite ore and datolite concentrate are of similar nature and practically coincide in temperature intervals, however, during fluorination of ore, intensive gas evolution is observed, which is absent in the fluorination of the concentrate. To prevent intense gas evolution during ore fluorination, it is suggested that the charge be kept at room temperature until the fluorination of CaCO3 is complete. It was determined that the fluorination of the datolite minerals with ammonium hydrodifluoride proceeds with the formation of complex fluoroammonium salts of boron, silicon, iron and CaF2. It was shown that aqueous leaching of the fluorinated raw material allows the calcium to be separated in the form of fluorite with a concentration of not less than 95 %, and keeping the fluorinated datolite ore at 395 ° C for 1 hour allows up to 99.8 % silicon and boron to be recovered to the gas phase. To separate the mixture of fluoroammonium salts of boron and silicon, it has been offered to use a sublimation or ammonia hydrolysis. Two variants of the technological scheme of datolite ore processing by ammonium hydrodifluoride are offered with the obtaining of commercial products: ammonium tetrafluoroborate, ammonium hexafluorosilicate, amorphous silica, fluorspar concentrate and ocher, which will promote the rational use of this mineral raw material. |
Key words | datolite mineral raw materials, ammonium hydrodifluoride, fluorination, leaching, sublimation, ammonium tetrafluoroborate, ammonium hexafluorosilicate |
References |
1 Berlin L.E. Proizvodstvo bornoy kisloty, bury i bornykh udobreniy (Production of boric acid, borax and boron fertilizers.). Moscow: Goskhimizdat, 1950. 3. (in Russ.) 2 Kurshakova L.D. Fiziko-khimicheskiye usloviya obrazovaniya skarnovo-borosilikatnykh mestorozhdeniy (Physico-chemical conditions for the formation of skarn-borosilicate deposits.). Moscow: Nauka, 1976. 274. (in Russ.) 3 Krysenko G.F., Epov D.G., Medkov M.A. Izucheniye vzaimodeystviya datolitovogo kontsentrata s gidrodiftoridom ammoniya. (Study of the interaction of the datolite concentrate with ammonium hydrodifluoride.). Zhurn. neorganicheskoy khimii = Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2010. 55, 8. 1235-1238 (in Russ.). 4 Melnichenko Ye.I., Krysenko G.F., Epov D.G., Ovsyannikova A.A., Maslennikova I.G. Protsessy obeskremnivaniya pri pererabotke i obogashchenii mineralnogo syrya gidrodiftoridom ammoniya (Processes of desiccation during processing and enrichment of mineral raw materials with ammonium hydrodifluoride). Zhurn. prikladnoy khimii = Journal of Applied Chemistry. 1996, 69, 8. 1248-1251 (in Russ.). 5 Rakov E.G. Ftoridy ammoniya (Ammonium fluorides). Ser. Itogi nauki i tekhniki. Neorganicheskaya khimiya (Science and technical resume. Inorganic chemistry). Moscow: VINITI (National institute of scientific and technical information), 1988. 15. 154 (in Russ.). 6 Melnichenko T.I. Ftoridnaya pererabotka redkometalnykh rud Dalnego Vostoka (Fluoride processing of rare-metal ores of Far East). Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2002. 268 (in Russ.). |
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL STUDIES
Title | PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS DURING PRETREATMENT IN THE PRODUCTION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS |
Authors | Kopylov N.I., Solotchina E.V. (Novosibirsk, Russia) |
Author´s information |
Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), lab. of intercalation and mechanochemical reactions, Novosibirsk, Russia Kopylov N.I., Dr Tech. Sci., leading scientific worker e-mail: kolyubov@narod.ru V.S. Sobolev’s Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of SB RAS, analytical dep., Novosibirsk, Russia Solotchina E.V., Dr Geol.-Mineral. Sci., leading scientific worker |
Abstract | The paper deals with the studies of the problem connected with the formation of nepheline in the mixtures for the production of ceramic materials containing clay from the Krasnoyarsk and Sukpak deposits in Tuva, and cake from dearsenation of the sludge of the Khovu-Aksy tailings. During (Roentgen Phase Analysis) RPA studies of the products of the preliminary treatment of mixtures, substantial changes were established in the phase composition of the material prepared for roasting. The major phases of the initial mixtures (silicate Na4Mg2Si3O10 and calcite) are completely absent wherein after pretreatment; and instead them, a new phase – nepheline – is formed in a substantial amount (~ 50 %). To determine a possible scheme of nepheline formation under the conditions of preliminary treatment of the mixtures, several versions of the chemism of this process were considered, in combination with thermodynamic analysis. It was demonstrated on the basis of the calculated Gibbs energy values that the formation of nepheline may occur under the conditions of presented kind of treatment with the minimal number of components in the system, without the participation of carbonate phases (calcite, dolomite). The interaction between silicate Na4Mg2Si3O10 and kaolinite Al4[Si4O10](OH)8 proceeds with the formation of synthetic nepheline Na[AlSiO4], or the interaction between silicate Na4Mg2Si3O10, kaolinite Al4[Si4O10](OH)8 and orthoclase K[AlSi3O10] proceeds with the formation of natural nepheline K0,25Na0,75[AlSiO4]. |
Key words | nepheline, silicate, kaolinite, orthoclase, Gibbs energy, clay, dearsenation cake, calcite, entropy, enthalpy |
References |
1 Ondar S.O., Putintsev N.I., Krytsyn A.N., Ondar G.S. O sostoyanii prirodnoj sredy Respubliki Tuva (On the state of the environment in the Republic of Tuva) Kyzyl: TuvICDNR SB RAS. 2000. 101 (in Russ.) 2 Bortnikova S.B., Gas`kova O.L., Bessonova E.P. Geokhimiya tekhnogennykh sistem (Geochemistry of technogenic systems). Novosibirsk: Akadem. GEO, 2006. 169. (in Russ.) 3 Kopylov N.I. Problemy myshyakovykh otvalov (Problems of arsenic-containing dumps). Novosibirsk: Akadem. Geo, 2012. 182.(in Russ.). 4 Matschullat J. Arsenic in the geosphere, A reviews. Sci. Total. Environ., 2000. 249, 249. (in Eng.) 5 Nabojchenko S.S., Mamyachikov S.V., Karelov S.V. Mysh`yak v tsvetnoj metallurgii (Arsenic in nonferrous metallurgy). Ekaterinburg: UrB RAS, 2004. 112-202. (in Russ.) 6 Kopylov N.I., Kaminskij Yu.D. Output of arsenic from dumps of plant Tuvakoballt by combined method. Bulletin of the Karaganda University, Chemistry Series, 2016. 1 (81). 60-64.(in Eng.) 7 Kaminskij Yu. D., Kopylov N.I., Shoeva T.E., Polyakova N.C. K voprosu ispol`zovaniya tekhnogennogo syr`ya dlya proizvodstva keramiki. (The use of technogenic raw materials for the production of ceramics). Actual`nye problemy vnedreniya ehnergoehffectivnykh tekhnologij v stroitel`stvo i inzhenernye sistemy gorodskogo khozyajstva: mater. mezhdunar. konf. (Urgent problems of the introduction of energo-effictent technologies into construction and the engineering systems of city economy: proceedings of the Internation. Sci. and Pract. conf.). Kyzyl, Tuva, Russia, 2015. 40. (in Russ.) 8 Kopylov N.I., Solotchina E.P., Shoeva T.E. Povedenie smesej glin Tuvy so shlamom i kekom dearsenizatsii otvalov Khovu-Akcy pri obzhige (Bthavior of the mixtures of Tuva clays with sludge and cake of dearsenation of the dumps of Khovu-Aksy during roasting). Compleksnoe ispol`zovanie mineral`nogo syr`ya = Complex use of mineral resourses. 2017. 2, 65-71. (in Russ.) 9 Konev A.V., Kuzina L.N., Shul`gina K. A., Bogdanovskaya S.F., Mironova Zh.V. Povyshnie pokazatelej proizvodstva glinozema za schet rudopodgotovki nefelina I izvestnika (Improvement of the parameters of alumina production due to nepheline and lime ore preparation).VII mezhdunar. konf. po tsvetnym metallam: mater. konf. (VII Internation. Conf. on Nonferrous Metals: proceedings of conf.). Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 2015. ,I. 185.( in Russ.) 10 Pikhtovnikova A.G., Danilov D.A., Mukhin N.P., Shepelev N.I. Issledovanie vliyaniya kachestva nefelinovoj rudy na tekhnologiyu proizvodstva glinozema (Investigation of the effect of the quality of nepheline ore on the technology of alumina production). Tsvetnye metally Sibiri – 2010: mater. II mezhdunar. kongr. (Nonferrous Metals of Siberia-2010: proceredings of II Internation. Congr.). Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 2010. 5. 412. (in Russ) 11 Shepelev I.I., Dashkevich R.Ya., Golovnykh N.V., Pikhtovnikov A.G., Gorbachev S.N., Mukhin N.P. Vovlechenie v pererabotku nekonditsionnogo syr`ya s primeneniem glinozemsoderzhashchikh dobavok. (Involving non-conventional nepheline raw materials into processing using alumina-containing additives ). Tzvetnye metally Sibiri -2011: mater. III mezhdunar. congr. (Nonferrous Metals of Siberia-2011: proceedings of III Internation. Congr.) Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 2011. 11. 88. (in Russ.) 12 Barrer R.M., White E.A.D. Hydrothermal chemistry of silicates. Part II. Synthetic Crystallite alumina-silicates. Jour. Chem. Soc., London. 1952. 1561. (in Eng.) 13 Saha P. The system NaAlSiO4 (Nepheline) – NaAlSi3O8 (Albite) – H20. The Amer. Mineralogist. 1961. 46. 859. (in Eng) 14 Ivanov I.P. Issledovaniya mineraloobrazovaniya v otkrytoj sisteme H2O – N2O – SiO2 – Al2O3 (Studies of mineral formation in an open system H2O – N2O –SiO2– Al2O). Geokhimiya = Geochemistry. 1965. 10. 1212. (in Russ.) 15 Litvin B.H., Dem`yanets L.N. Poluchenie monokristallov nefelina gidrotermal`nym sposobom (Obtaining nepheline single crystals using thehydrothermal method). Kristallografiya = Kristallography. 1962. 7. 4. 643 (in Russ.) 16 Nasedkin V.V., Markov V.K., Kononov V.A., Petrov V.P., Ryabinin Yu.N. Usloviya obrazovaniya nefelina v svete ehksperementov pri vysokikh davleniyakh i temperaturakh (The conditions of nepheline formation in the light of the experiments at high pressure and temperature ) Nefelinovoe syr`e (Nepheline Raw Material). Moscow: Nauka. 1978, 128. (in Russ.) 17 Borodin L.S., Dikov Yu.P. Vysokotemperaturnyj gidrotermal`nyj sintez nefelina i flogopita (High-temperature hydrothermal synthesis of nepheline and phlogopite). Eksperimental`nye issledovaniya prozessov mineraloobrazovaniya: Sb. Stat. (Experimental studies of mineral formation processes: collection of articles ). Moscow: Nauka, 1968. 75 (in Russ.). 18 Pat. 2257627 RU. Sposob obrabotki otkhodov edkogo natra s polucheniem nefelina (Method of processing the wastes of sodium hydroxide with the synthesis of nepheline) / Fike Oliv`e, Le Shnadek, Zhiber Did`e . Opubl.27.07. 2005. (in Russ.) 19. Chervinskij P.N. Iskusstvennoe poluchenie mineralov v XIX stoletii (Artificial preparation of minerals in the XIX century). Kiev. Universitetskie izvestiya = University proceedings. 1889. 3. 1903 (in Russ.) 20 Brauns R. Khimicheskaya mineralogiya. (Chemical mineralogy). St. Petersburg: Rikker.1904. XII 486 (in Russ.) 21 Eitel W. Über die Syntese der Feldspat vertreter. Presschrift v. d. F. Labl. Ges. zu Ltipzig. 1925. 247. (in German) 22 Kulikov B.F., Zuev V.V., Vajnshenker I.A., Mintnkov G.A. Mineralogicheskij spravochnik tekhnologa-obogatitelya (Mineralogy handbook for technologists in concergentrating works) Leningrad: Nedra. 1985, 264 (in Russ.) 23 Betekhtin A.G. Mineralogiya (Mineralogy). Moscow: Geolog. Literature. 1950, 956. (in Russ.) 24 Godovikov A.A. Mineralogiya (Mineralogy). Moscow: Nedra. 1983, 647. (in Russ.) 25 Kasenov B.K., Aldabergenov M.K., Pashinkin A.S. Metody prikladnoj termodinamiki v khimii i metallurgii (Methods of applied thermodynamics in chemistry and metallurgy). Karaganda: Glassir. 2008, 332 (in Russ.) 26 Kopylov N.I., Kaminskij Yu.D., Kasenov B.K. Chimizm obrazovaniya nefelina v shikhte proizvodstva ceramicheskikh materialov (Chemism of nepheline formation in the mixture of ceramic material). Chimicheskaya tekhnologiya = Chemical technology. 2017. 18. 9. 401. (in Russ.) |
Title | BALKHASH COPPER-SMELTING PLANT SULFURIC ACID WORKSHOP’S SLIME COMPOSITION |
Authors | Linnik X. A., Amanzholova L. U., Sharipova A. S., Zagorodnyaya A. N. (Almaty) |
Author´s information |
Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Benefication, labю of rare scattered elements, Almaty, Kazakhstan Linnik X. A., engineer , e-mail: xenija_linnik@mail.ru Sharipova A. S., Cand.Tech.Sci., scientific worker Zagorodnyaya A. N., Doctor Tech.Sci., professor, main scientific worker Lab. for physical methods of investigation Amanzholova L. U., Cand.Tech.Sci., scientific worker |
Abstract | The production of copper from the charge at the Balkhash copper smelting plant is carried out according to the following scheme: melting in a molten bath matte conversion copper refining. In this case a number of technogenic formations (slags, dust, gases, solutions and slimes from flushing gases, copper electrolytic slimes) are obtained, wherein contained in the charge various elements are concentrated. Separate formations either are already raw materials for the extraction of certain elements, or they are considered as raw materials for other elements. Now from copper electrolytic slime the plant produces Au, Ag, Se, from the gases – H2SO4. The device for Re extraction from solutions of flushing gases is designed. The solutions contains in addition to Re also the elemental Se of red modification. The project covers cleaning the solution from solid suspensions and Se (slime). This slime can be considered as a raw material for Se extraction. Now there is no technology for obtaining Se from such slimes. As a rule the development of any technology for the extraction of metals begins from study of raw materials. The purpose of this work is to study the chemical, phase and granulometric composition of the slime formed during flushing of the gases. Studies were carried out on a sample of slime separated from industrial solutions. Slime was studied by various methods of analysis: X-ray fluorescence (XRF); chemical; X-ray phase diffraction (XRPhD); infrared spectroscopy (IRS); sieve. In the slime were found 18 elements (Pb, Se, Re, Al, Si, S, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sr, Cd, I, Hg, Ni, Br, Bi, As), which content varies in a wide range. The slime-forming element is Pb (57.87 % by weight), the content of other elements interesting for their possible recovery as follow, % by weight: 4.6 Se, 0.14 Re, 0.33 I, 0.57 Hg. According to the XRPhD data in the slime basic compound is PbSO4 (92.8 %), there are selenium compounds: PbSeO4 (4.8 %) and very small amounts of elemental selenium of three modifications (0.4, 0.9 and 1.1 %). The presence of PbSO4 and PbSeO4 compounds is confirmed also by IRS method. But in addition to the named compounds, in the slime there are other compounds that contain groups SeO32-, СН2, СН3, С═О (of yet unidentified compounds). The granulometric composition of the slime is represented approximately 48.4 % by particles smaller than 0.4 mm, into which 47.84 % of Pb, 47.45 % of Se, 55.31 % of Re are recovered. The results obtained will be used to substantiate the method for selenium recovery from the slime into the solution, taking into account the properties of its compounds. Nevertheless, studies on the specification of the substantial composition of Se contained in the slime must continue. It was not possible to determine all the selenium-containing compounds because of its insignificant content in the slime compared to lead. |
Key words | solutions, slime, elemental, quantitative, substantial, granulometric composition, selenium, lead, rhenium |
References |
1 Zagorodnaya A.N., Abisheva Z.S., Sharipova A.S., Zhumabekov Zh.Zh. Polupromyshlennye ispytaniya sorbtsionnoj tekhnologii izvlecheniya reniya iz stochnykh vod ot promyvki metallurgicheskikh gazov Balkhashskogo mednogo zavoda (Semi-industrial tests of sorbtion technology for recovery rhenium from waste water from washing metallurgical gases of Balhash copper plant). Tsvetnye metally =Non-ferrous metals. 2016. 1, 49 – 51. (in Russ.) 2 Naumov A.V. Sostoyanie i perspektivy mirovogo rynka selena (Condition and perspectives of world market of selenium). Tsvetnaya metallurgiya = Non-ferrous metallurgy. 2007. 5, 12 – 20. (in Russ.) 3 Kul’chitskij N.A., Naumov A.V. Sovremennoe sostoyanie rynkov selena i soedinenij na ego osnove (Current state of market of selenium and its compounds). Tsvetnaya metallurgiya. Izvestiya vuzov = Non-ferrous metallurgy. News of Higher School. 2015. 3, 43–47. (in Russ.) 4 Butterman W.C., Brown R.D., Jr Mineral Commodity Profiles. Selenium. [Electron. resource]. 2004 URL: pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of 03-018/of03-018.pdf (date of access 11. 11. 2017). (in Eng.) 5 Lebed’ A.B., Nabojchenko S.S., Shunin V.A. Proizvodstvo selena i tellura na OAO «Uralehlektromed’» (Production of selenium and tellurium at Ural Electro Copper JSC). Ekaterinburg: Ural university, 2015. 112. (in Russ.) 6 Mastyugin S.A., Volkova N.A., Nabojchenko S.S., Lastochkina M.A. Shlamy ehlektroliticheskogo rafinirovaniya medi i nikelya (Slimes of electrolytic refinement of copper and nickel). Ekaterinburg: UrFU, 2013. 258. (in Russ.) 7 Greyver T.N., Zayceva I.G., Kosovtseva M.M. Selen i tellur. Novaya tekhnologiya polucheniya i rafinirovaniya (Selenium and tellurium. New technology for production and refining). Moscow: Metallurgy, 1977. 296. (in Russ.) 8 Petrov G.V., Chernyshev A.A., Kovalev B.N., Andreev Yu.V. Sovershenstvovanie tekhnologii poputnogo polucheniya selena pri pererabotke anodnykh shlamov ehlektroliza medi (Update technologies for passing obtaining selenium at processing of anode slimes from copper electrolysis) Zapiski Gornogo instituta = Proceedings of mining institute. St. Petersburg. 2011.192, 58-60. (in Russ.) 9 Chernyshev A.A. Bezreagentnyj ehlektrohimicheskij sposob izvlecheniya selena pri pererabotke shlamov ehlektroliza medi (Reagent-free electrochemical method for selenium recovery at processing slimes from copper): 05.16.02 diss…kand. tekh. nauk. (Thesis for candidate for tech. sci.) / St. Petersburg State Mining Institute named after G.V. Plekhanov (Tech. University). St. Petersburg. 2010. 102 (in Russ.) 10 Xue JIao Li, Hong Ying Yang, Zhe Nan Jin, Guo Bao Chen and Lin Lin Tong. Transformation of selenium-containing phases in copper anode Slimes during leaching. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. 2017. 69, 10, 1931–1938. (in Eng.) 11 Kasikov A.G., Areshina N.S., Kudryakov M.V., Khomchenko O.A. Kompleksnaya pererabotka promyvnoj sernoj kisloty medno-nikelevogo proizvodstva ehkstraktsionnym sposobom (Complex processing washing sulfuric acid of copper-nickel production by extraction method). Khimicheskaya tekhnologiya = Chemical technology. 2004. 6, 25–31. (in Russ.) 12 Areshina N.S, Kasikov A.G. Ispol’zovanie promproduktov i otkhodov proizvodstva Kol’skoy GMK dlya polucheniya tekhnicheskogo selena (Industrial semi-products and waste of Kola MPC use for obtaining technical selenium). Problemy ratsional’nogo ispol’zovaniya prirodnogo i tekhnogennogo syr’ya Barents-regiona v tekhnologii stroitel’nykh i tekhnicheskikh materialov: mater. 5-oj Vseross. nauch. konf. s mezhdunar. uchast. (Problems of rational using natural and technogenic raw materials of Barents region in technology of building and technic materials: proceedings of 5th all-Russian sci. conf. with internation. participation). Apatity, Russia. 2013. 44–46. (in Russ.) 13 Areshina N.S., Kasikov A.G., Mal’c I.ЕН., Kuznetsov V.ҮА. Utilizatsiya nekonditsionnykh sernokislykh rastvorov i pul’p gazoochistki kombinata «Severonikel’» OAO «Kol’skaya GMK» (Recycling some sulfuric acid solutions and pulp from gas cleaning of Kola’s MPC JSC Severonikel combine). Tsvetnaya metallurgiya. Izv. vuzov. = Non-ferrous metallurgy. News of Higher School.. 2008. 8, 32–38. (in Russ.) 14 Areshina N.S., Kasikov A.G., Mal’ts I.ЕН. Izuchenie vozmozhnosti polucheniya dopolnitel’noj selenovoj produktsii iz promproduktov i otkhodov medno-nikelevoj tekhnologii (Study of possibility of obtaining additional selenium production from by-products and waste of copper-nickel technology). Issledovaniya i razrabotki v oblasti khimii i tehnologii funktsional’nykh materialov: Sb. Dokl. Vseross. nauch. konf. s mezhdunar. uchast. (Study and development in the sphere of chemistry and technology of functional materials: proceedings of all-Russian sci. conf. with internation. participation). Apatity, Russia. 2010. 27–29. (in Russ.) 15 Powder diffraction file–2, release 2009. International centre for diffraction date. (in Eng.) 16 Sil’verstejn R., Bassler T, Morril G. Spektrometricheskaya identifikatsiya organicheskikh soedinenij (Spectrometer identification of organic compounds). Moscow: Mir. 1977. 592 (in Russ.) 17 Nakamoto K. Infrakrasnye spektry neorganicheskikh i koordinatsionnykh soedinenij (Infrared spectra of inorganic and coordinated compounds). Moscow: Mir. 1966. 412 (in Russ.). 18 Farmer V.C. The Infrared Spectra of minerals, 41 queen’s gate. London: Mineralogical society. 1974. 539 (in Eng.) 19 Kazitsyna L.A., Kupletskaya N.B. Primenenie UF-, IK- i YaMR- spektroskopii v organicheskoy khimii (UV-, IR- and NMR- spectroscopy in organic chemisrty). Moscow: Vysshaya shkola. 1971. 264 (in Russ.) 20 Bol’shakov G.F., Glebovskaya E.A., Kaplan Z.G. Infrakrasnye spektry i rentgenogrammy geteroorganicheskikh soedinenij (Infrared spectra and roentgenograms of hetero-organic compounds). Leningrad: Khimiya. 1967. 168 (in Russ.) 21 GOST 14180-80. Rudy i kontsentraty tsvetnykh metallov. Metody otbora i podgotovki prob dlya khimicheskogo analiza i opredeleniya vlagi (Ores and concentrates of nonferrous metals. Methods of selection and preparation of samples for the chemical analysis and f a moisture determination). Moscow: Standartinform. 2015. 20 (in Russ.) |
MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
Title | PREPARATION OF TARGETS BASED ON ALUMINIDE SYSTEMS FOR MAGNETRON DEPOSITION OF HEAT-RESISTANT COATINGS |
Authors | Uskenbayeva A. M., Aubakirova R. K, Panickin A. V., Dzhumabekov D. M (Almaty) |
Author´s information |
Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Benefication, lab. Metallography, Almaty, Kazakhstan Uskenbayeva A. M., engineer, e-mail: almauskenbaeva@mail.ru Aubakirova R. K., Cand Tech. Sci, leading scientific worker Panickin A. V., Cand Tech. Sci, leading scientific worker, e-mail: abpanichkin@mail.ru Dzhumabekov D. M engineer |
Abstract | The present work offers results of experimental work on obtaining targets based on aluminide systems which composition corresponds to nickel, titanium and cobalt monoaluminides for magnetron sputtering purposed at obtaining intermetallic aluminide coatings on steel substrates. In the course of the process the work on mixing the powders of each system and pressing them on a steel substrate has been conducted, which, being the basis of the target, ensures the tightness of the magnetron seals and the removal of heat at the required level. The blanks obtained in such a manner were sintered in a vacuum induction furnace, as well as on a constructed test installation through hot pressing method. It was demonstrated that sintering in an induction furnace leads to a large porosity of the blanks, that isn’t admissible at production of targets. At sintering samples by hot pressing, simultaneous pressing and sintering of powders were achieved, which became the advantage of hot pressing, in which the material is rapidly compacted at relatively low specific pressures. The combination of pressing and sintering in one operation made it possible to obtain samples that were practically nonporous. At the same time sectional targets from aluminum and plates of cobalt, nickel and titanium were obtained. The preparation of such targets was carried out by pouring the aluminum melt into a mold on the bottom of which the plates were laid. It was revealed that sectional targets retain their shape during the sputtering process and are not destroyed. However, they do not allow obtaining coatings of precisely specified composition. The produced targets were sputtered on a magnetron sputtering installation to produce aluminide films on a steel substrate. As a result, high-quality AlNi, AlCo, and AlTi aluminide coatings of uniform thickness, characterized by high adhesion to the substrate were obtained. So the coatings having a uniform, defect-free surface, a homogeneous structure and tightly adhering to the substrate were obtained. The conducted experimental work enabled to determine the optimal methods for obtaining and configuration of targets for magnetron sputtering of coatings based on nickel, cobalt and titanium aluminides. In order to obtain the coatings having a minimum deviation in chemical composition from the set one, it is recommended to use targets sintered from powder mixtures by hot pressing method. |
Key words | coating, nickel, titanium, cobalt aluminides, target, magnetron, hot pressing, sputtering |
References |
1 Nastas G.N., Pashchenko G.N., Petrova M.A., Samojlenko V.M. Vozmozhnost’ otsenki dolgovechnosti zharostojkikh pokrytij (The possibility of evaluating the durability of heat-resistant coatings). Nauchnyj Vestnik MGTU GA= Scientific Herald MSTU SA. 2014. 206. 52-55. (in Russ.) 2 Samojlov N.S. Zharostojkie i zharoprochnye stali i splavy (Heat-resistant and heat-resistant steels and alloys) [Electron resource] 2017 URL: http: www.naukaspb.ru spravochniki Demo 20Metall 2_12.htm (date of access 12.07.2017). (in Russ.) 3 Movchan B.A., Malashenko I.S. Zharostojkie pokrytija, osazhdaemye v vakuume. (Heat-resistant coatings precipitated in vacuum). Kiev: Nauk. Dumka, 1983. 232. (in Russ.) 4 Samojlenko V.M., Fat’janov E.A., Nastas G.N., Kazarjan S.A. Zharostojkost’ zashchitnykh pokrytij na nikelevykh splavakh (Heat resistance of protective coatings on nickel alloys). Oboronnyj kompleks – nauchno-tehnicheskomu progressu Rossii = The defense complex – the scientific and technological progress of Russia. 2010. 1. 45-48. (in Russ.) 5 Tsentral’nyj metallicheskij portal RF. Stal’ (Central metallurgy portal RF Steel) AISI 304. [Electron resouce]. 2014. URL. http://metallicheckiy-portal.ru/marki_metallov/stn/AISI304 (date of acces 12.07.2017). (in Russ.) 6 Topolyanskij P.A., Topolyanskij A.P. Progressivnye tekhnologii naneseniya pokrytij – naplavka, napylenie, osazhdenie. (Progressive coating technologies – welding, spattering, deposition) [Electron resource] 2017 URL: http: mirprom.ru/public/progressivnye-tehnologii-naneseniya-pokrytiy-naplavka-napylenie-osazhdenie.html (date of access 12.07.2017). (in Russ.) 7 Karimov K.R., Chernov Ya.B, Filatov E.S., Chebykin V.V. Sintez termodiffuzionnykh alyuminidnykh pokrytij pri mekhanokhimicheskoj aktivatsii poverkhnosti. (Synthesis of thermodiffusion aluminide coatings during mechanochemical activation of a surface) Trudy Kol’skogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN = Proceedings of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2015. 31. 231-235. (in Russ.) 8 Radchenko M.V. Zashchitnye i uprochnyayushchie pokrytiya. (Protective and hardening coatings) – Barnaul: AltGTU, 2010. 113. (in Russ.) 9 Budinovskij S.A., Muboyadzhyan S.A., Gayamov A.M., Stepanova S.V. Ionno-plazmennye zharostojkie pokrytiya s kompozitsionnym bar’ernym sloem dlya zashchity ot okisleniya splava ZhS36VI (Ion-plasma heat-resistant coatings with composite barrier layer for protection against oxidation of ZhS36VI alloy). MiTOM=Metallurgy and heat treatment of metals. 2011. 1. 34-40. (in Russ.) 10 Samojlenko V.M., Fat’yanov E.A, Zorichev A.V. Termostojkost’ lopatok turbiny GTD s teplozashchitnym pokrytiem (Thermal stability of turbine blades of GTE with heat-protective coating). Korrozija: materialy, zashhita= Corrosion: materials, protection. 2009. 12. 1-4. (in Russ.) 11 Thevand A. Poize S. Crousier J.-P. Streiff R. Aluminization of nickel- formation of intermetallic phases and Ni2AI3 coatings. Journal of Materials Science. 1981. 16. 2467–2479. (in Eng.) 12 Kuz’michev A.I. Magnetronnye raspylitel’nye sistemy (Magnetron Spray Systems). Kiev: Avers, 2008. 244. (in Russ.) |
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES STUDY
Title | THE ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION INFLUENCE ON THE STRUCTURE OF DEPOSITED ALLOYS OF NICKEL WITH REFRACTORY RARE METALS |
Authors | Kilibayeva S. K., Yakhiyaeva Zh. E., Agapova L. Ya., Altenova A. N., Sukurov B. M. (Almaty) |
Author´s information |
Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Beneficiation, laboratory of rare scattered elements, Almaty, Kazakhstan Kilibayeva S.K., Cand Tech.Sci, scientific worker Yakhiyaeva Zh.E., engineer Agapova L.Ya., Dr.Tech.Sci., associate professor, leading researcher, e-mail: rm.303.imo@mail.ru Altenova A. N., leading engineer National lab. for collective using Sukurov B. M. Cand Tech.Sci, leading researcher |
Abstract | The present work provides the results of electrolytic deposition of alloys on the basis of nickel with refractory rare metals (Re, W, Mo) from sulfate fluoride and ammonium-sulfate electrolytes in the conditions of membrane electrolysis. The precipitations analyses of alloys were carried out by X-ray phase and electronic-microscopic methods. Influence of composition of electrolyte on structure, the phase and chemical composition of the deposited alloys is investigated. It is established that from sulfate fluoride solutions powders ternary (Ni-Re-W, Ni-Re-Mo) and quaternary (Ni-Re-W-Mo) alloys of dark gray color with a green shade precipitated; from ammonium-sulfate solutions three-component Ni-Re-Mo alloy in the form of a foil of gray color is deposited. Results of the raster electronic microscopy (REM) have shown that precipitate deposited from fluoride sulfate solutions, consists of alloys of Ni with Re, W and Mo, and their particles generally have mainly layered structure (heavy fraction) and also agglomerate structure (easy fraction). In case of the alloys obtained from ammonium-sulfate electrolytes, the surface of the agglomerated particles becomes smoother. Element composition of the precipitates of Ni-Re-W-Mo alloys deposited from sulfate fluoride solutions, according to electron microscopy is following, wt. %: 57.24 Ni; 2.01 Re; 0.36 W; 1.82 Mo; 5.34 Ti; 32.92 O. For the Ni-Re-Mo alloys deposited from ammonium-sulfate solutions the following element composition is established, wt. %: 58.67 Ni; 22.71 Re; 9.88 Mo; 0.19 Ti; 8.69 O. In the alloy deposited from ammonium-sulfate electrolytes, tungsten isn’t found. The presence of titanium in alloys is explained by its transition from cathode material to precipitates of alloys in the course of electrolysis. Heat treatment of alloys slightly reduces the content of oxygen in them and doesn’t lead to strong change of composition of alloy. Results of the X-ray phase analysis have shown that after alloys annealing operation, change of phase structure isn’t recorded. |
Key words | electrolysis, electrolytic alloys, nickel, rhenium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, electrolyte, microstructure, electrodeposition |
References |
1 Kablov E.N., Toloraiya V.N., Orekhov N.G. Monokristallicheskiye nikelevyye reniy soderzhashchiye splavy dlya turbinnykh lopatok GTD (Single-crystal nickel rhenium containing alloys for turbine blades). Metallovedenie i termicheskaya obrabotka metallov = Metal conducting and heat treatment of metals. 2002. 7, 7-11 (in Russ.). 2 Kablov E.N., Petrushin N.V., Svetlov I.L., Demonis I.M. Liteynyye zharoprochnyye nikelevyye splavy dlya perspektivnykh aviatsionnykh GTD (Foundry heat-resistant nickel alloys for advanced aviation GTE). Tehnologiya legkikh splavov = Technology of light alloys. 2007. 2, 6-16 (in Russ.). 3 Luo Yushi, Li Jia-rong, Liu Shi-zhong, Sun Feng-li, Han Mei, Cao Chun-xiao. Vliyaniye Re na dlitel’nuyu prochnost’ monokristallicheskikh supersplavov pri povyshennoy temperature i vysokikh napryazheniyakh (Effect of Re on the long-term strength of single-crystal superalloys at elevated temperature and high stresses). Tsvetnye metally = Non-ferrous metals. 2005. 15, 11. 1518 (in Chinese: abstract in Eng.). 4 Sakurai Shingo, Mabruri Efendi, Murata Yoshinori, Koyama Toshiyuki, Morinaga Masahiko. Diffusion of refractory elements in ternary Ni-X-Y alloys (X, Y = Co, Re, Ru, W). Defect and Diffus. Forum. 2008. 273-276, 572-576. (in Eng.). 5 Gamburg Yu.D. Gal’vanicheskiye pokrytiya. Spravochnik po primeneniyu (Galvanic coating. The reference book on application). Moscow: Technosphere. 2006, 216. (in Russ.). 6 Povetkin V.V., Kovenskiy I.M., Ustinovschikov YU.I. Struktura i svoystva ehlektroliticheskikh splavov (Structure and properties of electrolytic alloys). Moscow: Nauka. 1992, 255. (in Russ.). 7 Cesiulis H., Podlaha-Murphy E. J. lectrolyte considerations of electrodeposited Ni-W alloys for microdevice fabrication. Materials science. 2003. 4, 329-333, 448. (in Eng.). 8 Kukushkina K.V., Yarlyikov M.M., Kudryavtsev V.N., Palatova S.V., Anufriev N.G. O stabilizatsii protsessa splava Ni-W (On stabilization of the Ni-W alloy process). Gal’vanotekhnika i obrabotka poverkhnosti = Electroplating and surface treatment. 2003. 1, 25-32. (in Russ.). 9 Wang Jun-li, Xu Rui-dong, Long Jin-ming, Guo Zhong-cheng. Issledovaniye svoystv ehlektroosazhdennykh Re-Ni-W-B kompozitsionnykh pokrytiy (Investigation of properties of the electrodeposited Re-Ni-W-B composite coatings). Diandu yu tushi = Electroplat. and Finish. 2005. 1, 6-9. (in Chinese: abstract in Eng.). 10 Wang Jian-li, Li Guangqiang, Zhu Cheng-yi. Vliyaniye soderzhaniya v vanne limonnoj kisloty na svoystva ehlektroosazhdennogo pokrytiya Re-Ni-W-P-SiC (Influence of the content in the citric acid bath on the properties of the electrodeposited Re-Ni-W-P-SiC coating). Fushi yu fanghu=Corros. and Prot. Wuhan. 2006. 27. 8, 408-411. (in Chinese: abstract in Eng.). 11 Pat. 7368048 USA. Method for Rhenium Alloy Coating Film Plating by Electrodeposition. Japan Sci. and Tech. Agency, Ebara Corp.; Sapporo Electroplating Industrial Co., Ltd, Narita Toshio / Hayashi Shigenari, Yoshioka Takayuki, Yakuwa Hiroshi, Souma Michiaki, Fukumoto Michihisa; publ. 06.05.2008. (in Eng.). 12 Naora A., Eliaz N., Gileadib E. Electrodeposition of rhenium–nickel alloys from aqueous solutions. Electrochimica Acta. 2009. 54, 6028–6035. (in Eng.). 13 Vagramyan A.T., Zhamagortsyants M.A. Osobennosti ehlektroosazhdeniya reniya i ego splavov (Features of electrodeposition of rhenium and its alloys) Moscow: Science. 1969, 197. (in Russ.). 14 Kilibaeva S.K., Yakhiyayeva Zh.E., Agapova L.Ya., Abisheva Z.S., Altenova A.N. Kinetika katodnogo vosstanovleniya ionov nikelya, reniya, vol’frama i molibdena iz sernokislykh ehlektrolitov (Kinetics of cathodic reduction of nickel, rhenium, tungsten and molybdenum ions from sulphate electrolytes). Kompleksnoye ispol’zovaniye mineral’nogo syr’ya = Complex use of mineral resources. 2016. 1, 71-79. (in Russ.) |
ECONOMICS AND PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Title | THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF GOLD MINING FROM ALLUVIAL DEPOSIT BY BULLDOZER-SCRAPER AND IN-SITU LEACHING METHODS |
Authors | Rogov E.I. Zhatkanbayev E.E., Zhatkanbayeva Zh.K., Zhatkanbayev E.T. (Almaty, Astana) |
Author´s information |
Institute of Mining named after D.A. Kunaev, Almaty, Kazakhstan Rogov E.I. Republic of Kazakhstan, professor Dr. Tech. Sci., Academician of National Academy of Sciences of Kazakh University of Technology and Business, cathedra of Chem. Technol. and ……, Astana, Kazakhstan Zhatkanbayev E.E., Dr.Tech.Sci., associate professor, e-mail: erlan.ntp@mail.ru Zhatkanbayev E.T., Master of Finance, laboratory assistant Eurasian University named after L.N. Gumilev, cathedra of ………..,, Astana, Kazakhstan Zhatkanbayeva Zh.K., Cand.Chem.Sci., associate professor |
Abstract | The method of underground borehole leaching (UBL) is one of the economically beneficial and environmentally safe methods for uranium mining. Currently, researches on the application of this method to the extraction of other metals are carried out, technical and economic aspects of the geotechnology of borehole leaching are estimated. Based on the theoretical data and experience of uranium underground leaching, a comparative analysis of the economic efficiency of gold mining by bulldozer-scraper (open) method and underground borehole leaching is presented in this paper. The analysis is based on mathematical modeling of gold leaching for different widths of placers and the radius of technological cells. Dependence of production cost on placer width is established. In the case of a classical open method of extraction, the prime cost of production increases with the increase in the width of the placer due to the increase in idle runs of machinery and a decrease in the efficiency of operation. And in the case of underground borehole leaching, the prime cost is reduced at the placer width increase. It is established that the upper limit of the width of the placer is 80 meters for economically efficient extraction by a bulldozer-scraping method, while for a wider width it is not economically profitable. The opposite picture is observed when the method of underground gold leaching is applied, with increasing width of the placer (up to 100 meters and more) economic efficiency is increasing, and the minimum threshold is determined to be 40 meters. It was also found that such negative for the open method placer parameters as water cut and burial for the UBL method are positive. Thus, the UBL method is an alternative to the open one and allows to involve alluvial precious metals in the mining, which previously were considered economically and technologically inefficient. |
Key words | underground borehole leaching, open method, economic efficiency, placer, gold, geotechnology, alluvial deposit, mathematical modeling |
References |
1 Kostromitinov K.N., Lyskov V.M. Otsenka effektivnosti otrabotki mestorozhdeniy dragotsennykh metallov (Assessment of efficiency of working off of fields of precious metals). Irkutsk: BGUEP, 2015. 530. (in Russ) 2 Catchpole Glenn, Kirchner Gerhard. Restoration of Groundwater Contaminated by Alkaline In-Situ Leach of Uranium Mining. Uranium Mining and Hydrogeology: proceedings of GeoCongress 1. Köln, Germany, 1995. 81-89. (in Eng.) 3 Szymanski W.N. Energy Information Administration. Uranium Industry Annual. 1993. 14. 238-246. (in Eng.) 4 Pat. 2516423 RU. Sposob podzemnogo vyshchelachivaniya okislennykh nikel-kobaltovykh rud (Way of underground leaching oxidized nickel – cobalt ores). / Grebnev G.S., Savenya M.N., Sukleta S.A., Savenya N.V.; Publ. 20.05.2014. 5. (in Russ) 5 EngelmannW.H., Phillips P.E., Tweeton D.R., Loest K.W., Nigbor M.T. Restoration of Groundwater Quality Following Pilot-Scale Acidic In-Situ Uranium Leaching at Nine- Mile Lake Site Near Casper Wyoming. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal. 1982. 22. June. 382-398. (in Eng.) 6 Bespayev X.A., Aubekerov B.Zh., Abishev V.M., Zhautikov T. M, Stepanenko N.I., Guskova A.I., Zhakupova Sh.A. Rossypi zolota Kazakhstana. Spravochnik. (Alluvial gold of Kazakhstan. Reference book). Almaty, 1999, 228. [Electron resource] URL: http://docplayer.ru/43570122-Rossypi-zolota-kazahstana-spravochnik.html (date of access: 17.08.2017). (in Russ) 7 Vaulin O.V. Almatinskaya oblast. Zoloto. Spravochnik. (Almaty region. Gold. Reference book.) Almaty-Bishkek. Rokizol, 2016. 124. (in Russ) 8 Fazlullin M.I., Avdonin G.I., Savchenko G.A. Perspektivy skvazhinnogo podzemnogo vyshchelachivaniya zolota v gluboko pogrebennykh rossypyakh Rossii. Kyrgyzstana i Kazakhstana (The prospects of borehole underground leaching of gold in deeply buried alluvial deposit of Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan) Gorno-Informatsionnyj Analit. Bull. (Mining-Information Analytical Bull). 2012. 7. [Electron resource] URL: http://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-rossypi-zolota-kazahstana-spravochnik.pdf. (date of access: 05.07.2017).(in Russ) 9 Petrosov A., Fefelov A. Ehkonomika i organizatsiya razrabotki rossypnykh mestorozhdeniy zolota artelyami (Economy and organization of development of loose gold deposits by artels). Moscow: MGGU, 2004. 324. (in Russ) 10 Leshkov V.G. Razrabotka rossypnykh mestorozhdeniy (Development of alluvial deposit). Moscow: Subsoil, 1985. 568. (in Russ) 11 Kavchik B.K., Pyatakov V.G. O povyshenii effektivnosti rossypnoj zolotodobychi. Povysheniye pribyli za schet sovershenstvovaniya gornykh rabot (About increase in efficiency of alluvial gold mining. Increase in profit due to improvement of mining operations) Mineralnyye resursy Rossii ==Mineral resources of Russia. 2013. 3. 34-42. (in Russ) 12 Neretin A.V. Primer ehkonomichnoj otrabotki rossypi (Example of economic working off of alluvial deposits). Zolotodobycha = Gold mining. 2005. February. 75. [Electron resource] – URL: https://zolotodb.ru/articles/mining/open-cut/213. (date of access: 25.09.2017) (in Russ) |