MINERALS BENEFICATION
Title | ESTIMATION OF GOLD-BEARING PERSISTENT ORES FLOTATION BENEFICATION EFFICIENCY BY HANCOCK-LOUIKEN CRITERION |
Authors | Ussenov N. A., Magomedov D. R., Kojzhanova A. K., Abdyldayev N. N., Abubakriyev A. T. (Almaty) |
Author´s information |
Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Benefication, Lab for Special Methods of Hydrometallurgy, Almaty, Kazakhstan Ussenov N. A., Cand. Tech. Sci., leading scientific worker, e-mail: us-nur@mail.ru Magomedov D. R., engineer of 1-st category Kojzhanova A. K., Cand. Tech. Sci., leading scientific worker Abdyldayev N. N., engineer Abubakriyev A. T., leading engineer |
Abstract | A sample of the refractory gold-containing ore of the Karjernoye deposit was subjected to a stage crushing up to -0.071 + 0 mm of grain size grade, followed by separation and averaging in accordance with the standard sampling technique for technological studies and material composition reseraches. According to the chemical analysis, the average gold content of the sample is 1.02 g/t. The composition of other elements and their compounds is as follows, %: Fe2О3 – 5,3; Feox – 2,17; SO42- – 0,045; S2+ – 0,015; S2- – 0,865; Ctotal – 1,87; Corg. < 0,1. Mineralogical and electron microscopic methods of analysis shown that gold in this sample is presented mainly in the form of sulfide which are intergrowths with pyrite and microparticles interspersed into quartz and sandstone. The results of flotation washability of the refractory ore according to the classical scheme in a closed cycle with 3 re-cleaning operations are presented. As a result of flotation benefication of the studied ore, the conditioned flotation concentrate was obtained with a gold content of 26.68 g/t (as per technical regulations requirements it is more than 20 g/t), with a mass yield of 3.48 % and gold recovery into the concentrate 91,0 %. In flotation tailings, the gold content is less than 0.09 g/t, which is about 9 % of gold. The efficiency of the flotation process was calculated using the Hancock-Louiken formula, the efficiency coefficient η was: η = 87.5 %, high efficiencies η > 75 %, indicates that the flotation process is very effective, which is also confirmed by the high values of the coefficients of enrichment (Kconc. = 26.2) and reduction (R = 28.7). Taking into consideration the complicated composition of the flotation concentrate by harmful impurities (arsenic, antimony and organic carbon) and a high content of sulphide sulfur in the form of pyrite, the process of its further processing by direct cyanidation will be ineffective. In this case one of the options for processing the flotation concentrate may be a preliminary chemical oxidation method of sulphides before cyanidation. |
Key words | resistant ore, flotation benefication, enrichment factor, reduction factor, enrichment efficiency, Hancock-Louiken criterion |
References |
1 Pelikh B. V., Salov B. M. K voprosu ob upravlenii protsessom tsianirovaniya zolota (On the control of the process of gold cyanidation). Vestnik Irkutskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tekhnicheskogo Universiteta = Bulletin of the Irkutsk State Technical University. 2012. 11. 163-170. (in Russ.) 2 Zakharov B.A., Meretukov M.A. Zoloto: upornyye rudy (Gold: persistent ores). Moscow: Ruda i metally (Ore and Metals), 2013. 133-135. (in Russ.) 3 Mazmanyan G.A. Povysheniye izvlecheniya metalla iz osobo upornykh zolotosulfidnykh rud. (Increase the extraction of metal from particularly stubborn gold-sulphide ores.). Molodezh i nauka: mater. IX Vserossiyskoj konf. (Youth and Science: procedings of IX All-Russian Conf.). Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 2013. 6-11. (in Russ.) 4 Turysbekova G.S., Meretukov M.A., Bektai E.K. Zoloto: Innovatsii v khimii i metallurgii: Monografiya (Gold: Innovations in chemistry and metallurgy. Monograph). Almaty: KazNTU. 2015. 479-507 (in Russ.) 5 Boldyrev A.V., Balikov S.V., Yemelyanov Yu.E., Kopylova N.V., Nikolaev Yu.L., Posadko E.Yu. Sravnitelnaya otsenka razlichnykh metodov pererabotki upornogo zolotosulfidnogo flotokontsentrata. (Comparative evaluation of various methods for processing refractory gold sulphide flotation concentrate). Vestnik Irkutskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tekhnicheskogo Universiteta = Bulletin of the Irkutsk State Technical University 2017. 21. 5. 161-170. (in Russ.) 6 Kuzina Z.P., Antsiferova S.A., Samoilov V.G. Optimalnaya skhema rudopodgotovki i flotatsii upornykh zolotosoderzhashchikh rud Bogolyubovskogo mestorozhdeniya (Optimal scheme for preparation and flotation of the stubborn gold-bearing ores of the Bogolyubov deposit). Tsvetnye metally = Non-ferrous metals. 2005. 3, 15–17. (in Russ.) 7 Kojzhanova A.K., Erdenova M.B., Osipovskaya L.L., Magomedov D.R., Darisheva A.M. Sovershenstvovanie tekhnologii kuchnogo vyshchelachivaniya zolota iz upornykh polimetallicheskikh rud (Improvement of technology for heap leaching of gold from persistent polymetallic ores). Kompleksnoye ispol’zovaniye mineral’nogo syr’ya = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2015. 1, 30-36. (in Russ.) 8 Hancock R.T. Efficiency of classification. Eng. and Mining Journal. 1920, 110, 237-241. (in Eng.) 9 Abramov A.A. Pererabotka, obogashchenie i kompleksnoe ispolzovanie tverdykh poleznykh iskopayemykh V 3 tomakh. Tom 1. Obogatitelnye protsessy i apparaty (Processing, benefication and integrated use of solid minerals. In 3 volumes. Volume 1. Concentrating Processes and Apparatuses). Moscow. Gornaya kniga (Mining book). 2008. 470. (in Russ.) 10 Shekhirev D.V, Dumov A.M, Strizhko V.S . Fenomenologicheskij smysl effektivnosti razdeleniya po Khankoku-Lujkenu i dopolnitelnyy kriteriy effektivnosti. (Phenomenological sense of the effectiveness of the Hancock-Louiken separation and an additional efficiency criterion ). Obogashcheniye rud= Ore dressing. 2010. 2. 23-29. (in Russ.) |
METALLURGY
Title | DETERMINATION OF SUBSTANTIAL COMPOSITION OF GOLD-BEARING RAW MATERIAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR ITS PROCESSING |
Authors |
Abdyldayev N. N., Ussenov N. A., Kojzhanova A. K., Esimova D. M., Akchulakova S. T. (Almaty)
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Author´s information |
Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Benefication, Lab for Special Methods of Hydrometallurgy, Almaty, Kazakhstan Abdyldayev N. N., engineer Ussenov N. A., Cand. Tech. Sci., leading scientific worker, e-mail: us-nur@mail.ru Kojzhanova A. K., Cand. Tech. Sci., leading scientific worker Esimova D. M., engineer Akchulakova S. T., Cand. Tech. Sci., leading scientific worker
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Abstract | The studies to determine material composition of ore and develop the procedure for processing of oxidized ore from the western flank of Karyernoye deposit with complex mineral and phase composition and low gold content were conducted. Urgency of these studies is determined by difficulty of this type of crude ore processing, wherein basic metal – gold is scattered throughout various phases, its content is low, and its recovery is very complicated at processing the same raw materials at plants. The representative technological sample (TS-3) of initial ore, related to the oxidized type due to low content of sulfide sulfur, was taken. Based on substantial composition, it represents hydrothermally altered sandstone, silty sandstone and siltstone with veinlets of quartz or carbonate-quartz composition, and is characterized by gold-sulfide-quartz formation of the impregnated type. Phase and elemental compositions, forms of gold existence and nature of its bond with ore constituents were examined by chemical, X-ray phase, X-ray fluorescence, rational, and assay methods of analysis. Ore mineralization is pyrite, gold content in the sample is 0.44 g/t. Basic mineral constituents are quartz (45.0 %) and albite (3.5 %), whereas pyrite content is 1.4 %. According to the results of the rational analysis, gold is found in all four phases and mainly (72.4 %) presented in rock-forming minerals in the form of fine-grained gold, significant amount of gold (24.1 %) – in the form associated with crystal lattices of mineral carrier, and small amounts of gold occur in the form of native and quartz-covered. Three-stage ore gravity benefication was carried out, and maximum gold recovery to concentrate was 47.2%. Closed-cycle flotation benefication (3 times re-cleaning) allows recovery 64.7 % of gold into concentrate. Direct cyanide leaching of initial ore milled to –0.071 mm grain size class (80 % and 90 %) allowed converting from 86.3 % up to 90.9 % of gold into solution. |
Key words | oxidized gold-bearing ore, flotation, gravitation, gravity concentrate, flotation concentrate, cyanidation |
References |
1 Lodeyschikov V. V., Vasilyeva A.V. Metodicheskiye rekomendatsii po tipizatsii rud. tekhnologicheskomu oprobovaniyu i kartirovanii korennykh mestorozhdeniy zolota (Methodological recommendations on the typification of ores, technological testing and mapping of the ledge gold deposits). Irkutsk: Irgiredmet, 1997. 164. (in Russ.) 2 Gold-Copper Ores. Innovations in Gold and Silver Recovery. Phase IV. Randol Int. Colorado, USA. 1992. 8. 23. 4175-4428. (in Eng.) 3 Chugaev I.N., Borbat L.V. Metallurgiya blagorodnykh metallov. (Metallurgy of precious metals). Moscow: Metallurgy. 1987. 1. 43-57. (in Russ.) 4 Chanturia V.A., Krasnov G.D. Progressivnyye metody obogashcheniya i kompleksnoy pererabotki mineralnogo syria (Progressive methods of enrichment and complex processing of mineral raw materials) Kompleksnaya pererabotka mineralnogo syria: mater. konf. Plaksinskiye chteniya. (Complex processing of mineral raw materials: proceedings of conf. Plaksin’s readings). Moscow, Russia, October 9-11, 1990 192. (in Russ.) 5 Strizhko L.S., Bobokhonov B.A., Rabiev B.R., Boboev I.R. Tekhnologii pererabotki zolotosoderzhashchikh rud (Technologies of gold-bearing ore processing). Gornyj zhurnal = Mining Journal. 2012. 7. P. 45-50. (in Russ.) 6 Lodeyshchikov V.V. Tekhnologiya izvlecheniya zolota i serebra iz upornykh rud (Technology of extraction of gold and silver from resistant ores) 2 volumes. Irkutsk: Irgiredmet. 1999. 786. (in Russ.) 7 Sedelnikova G.V., Savary E.E., Krylova G.S. Novyye tekhnologii dobychi i pererabotki prirodnogo syria v usloviyakh ekologicheskikh ogranicheniy (New technologies of extraction and processing of natural raw materials under environmental constraints) Vseros. nauch.-tekhn. konf. s mezhdunar. uchastiyem: mater. Konf. (All-Russian. scientific-techn. conf. with the international. Participation: proceedings). Ulan-Ude, Russia. July 26-30, 2004. 17-19. (in Russ.) 8 Turysbekova G.S., Meretukov M.A., Bektay E.K. Zoloto: Innovatsii v khimii i metallurgii. (Gold: Innovations in chemistry and metallurgy). Almaty: Kaz NTU, 2015. 632. (in Russ.) 9 Patent 5536297 US. Gold recovery from refractory carbonaceous ores by pressure oxidation and thiosulfate leaching / Marchbank A., Thomas K., Dreisinger D., Fleming C. publ. 16.07.1996, US 08/389,016.(in Eng.) 10 Laskorin B.N., Barskiy L.A, Persits V.Z. Bezotkhodnaya tekhnologiya pererabotki mineralnogo syria. Sistemnyy analiz. (Wasteless technology of processing of mineral raw materials. System analysis).Moscow: Nedra. 1984. 334. (in Russ.) 11 Kozin L.F .. Melekhin V.T. Vyshchelachivaniye zolota iz rud i kontsentratov s ispolzovaniyem tsianidov i alternativnykh reagentov. (Leaching of gold from ores and concentrates using cyanides and alternative reagents.) Zhurnal prikladnoj khimii = Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2004, 77, 10, 1585-1604. (in Russ.) |
Title |
PERSPECTIVES OF RHENIUM RECOVERY FROM VOLCANIC GASES. REVIEW
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Authors | Balikhin A. V.. Barkovskaya O. Eh. (Moscow, Russia) |
Author´s information |
Russian Institute for Scientific and Technical Information of Russian Academy of Sciences, dep. for Metallurgy Abstracts gathering, Moscow, Russia Balikhin A. V., senior scientific worker, e-mail: andrefrenc@gmail.com Barkovskaya O. Eh., senior scientific worker |
Abstract | The article covers the problems of rhenium and other rare metals extraction from fumarolic gases of volcano Kudryavyj of Island Iturup. There is revue about developed and patented extraction technologies for ReS2 recovery from high temperature volcano gases. It is presented the only one in the world deposit of rhenium presented by fumarol field with active sources of deep fluids. Physicochemical research of gas flows showed their stationary character. It is presented the characteristics of fumarolic crusts. The structure of the first mineral of rhenium – rheniite is confirmed and described. Ejection of volcano gases is estimated as equal to 20-36 ton per year. Emission from steaming areas is 20000- 30000 ton per day with speed 0,12 – 0,7 m/s and it contributes basic volume into gross consumption of gases on the volcano, whereas speed of powerful fumarol gases is 8 – 120 m/s. The review of sorption methods for rhenium separation from sulfuric acid solutions by ionites of different brands is presented. Conclusion is expediently to extract rhenium, indium, germanium and other rare metals from fumarolic gases of volcano Kudryavyj of Island Iturup. Fumarol steam and gas emissions can be considered as a new type of unique complex raw materials. Moreover volume of the extracted rhenium can fully meet the needs of the country and exclude the dependence of industry on imports. Production of rhenium in an industrial scale is planned in 2020 year. Risks of investment into rare metal concentrate production from the gases are reasonable by opinion of experts. |
Key words | rhenium, fumarolic gases, recovery, extraction, sorption, ion-exchanger, volcano Kudryavyj, Island Iturup |
References |
1 Savitskij E.M., Klyachko V.S. Metally kosmicheskoj ehry. (Metals of cosmic era) Moscow: Metallurgy, 1978. 120. (is Russ.) 2 Efremov G.A. V USA ne sozdano ni odnogo real’nogo giperzvukovogo apparata. . (There has not been created a single real hypersonic apparatus in the USA) Gazeta Izvestiya = newspaper The News 11.01.2017. (in Russ.). 3 Pat. 1804141 RU. Splav na osnove reniya. (Rhenium-based alloy). Shatalov V.V., Parshin A.P., Yushkin M.P.; opubl. 27.05.1996. 15. (in Russ.). 4 A.S. 533661 USSR. Splav na osnove reniya. . (Rhenium-based alloy). Kondratov N.M., Rogova I.V., Savickij E.M.; opubl. 30.10.1976. 40. (in Russ.). 5 Balikhin A.V., Barkovskaya O.Je., Ganina N.I., Petrova G.G. Renij iz vulkanicheskih gazov (Rhenium extracted from volcanic gases). Deponirovannye nauchnue raboty VINITI RAN. Annotirovannyj bibliograficheskij ukazatel (depositing in VINITI RAN sci. works. Annotated bibliography) . 2017, 4,13. (in Russ.). 6 Zelikman A.N. Metallurgiya redkikh metallov. (Metallurgy of rare metals). Moscow: Metallurgy. 1980, 328. (in Russ.). 7 Khimiya i tekhnologiya redkikh I rasseyannykh ehlementov. Chast 3. (Chemistry and technology of rare and scattered elements. Part 3) Editorship Bolshakov К.А. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola. 1976, 320. (in Russ.). 8 G. Lindeman. Rhenium. Neue Hutte. 1957, 2, 200. (in Germ.). 9 Goncharov G.V. Kratkij analiz mirovyh rynkov reniya I molibdena. (A brief analysis of the world markets of rhenium and molybdenum). Renij, wolfram, molibden – 2016: mater. mezdunar. nauch-prakt. konf. (Rhenium, tungsten, molybdenum – 2016: proceedings of Internation. Sci. and Pract. Conf.) Moscow, Russia. 2016. 12-26 (in Russ.). 10 Pat. 3723595. USA. Process for recovering volatilized rhenium oxides and sulfur oxides from gas streams. Spedden H.; opubl. 27.03.1973. 11. (in Eng.). 11 Pat. 3783158. USA. Process for recovering volatilized metal oxides from gas streams. Platzke R., Spedden H.; opubl. 01.01.1974. 1. (in Eng.). 12 Zagorodnyaya A.N., Abisheva Z.S., Sharipova A.S. Sovremennoe sostoyanie proizvodstva perrenata ammoniya v Kazahstane (Current status of production of ammonium perrhenate in Kazakhstan). Renij, wolfram, molibden – 2016: mater. mezdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. ( Rhenium, tungsten, molybdenum -2016: proceedings of Internation. Sci. and Practice. Conf.). Moscow. Russia. 2016. 27-30 (in Russ.). 13 Pat. 2159296. RU. Sposob izvlecheniya reniya i drugikh metallov. (The method for extraction of rhenium and other metals). Shaderman F.I., Kremeneckij A.A., Shtejnberg G.S.; opubl. 20.11.2000. 17. (in Russ.). 14 Kremenetskij A.A. Zavod na vulkane . (Experimental installation on the volcano). Nauka i zhizn’ = Science and life. 2000. 11. 24-25. (in Russ.). 15 Pat. 2312158. RU. Sposob izvlecheniya reniya i drugih ehlementov (The method for extracting rhenium and other elements). Sinegribov V.A., Sotskov K.V., Shteinberg G.S.; opubl. 10.12.2007. 43. (in Russ.). 16 A.S. 1368008. USSR. Vibroskrubber dlya ochistki gazovozdushnyh smesej. (Vibration scrubber for cleaning gas-air mixtures). Novikov A.I., Skvortsov A.N., Balikhin A.V.; opubl. 22.09.1987. 3. (in Russ.). 17 Zayavka (Invention Application) 2002111876/02. RU. Sposob izvlecheniya reniya i drugih ehlementov (The method for extracting rhenium). Sinegribov V.A., Bochkarjov V.M.; opubl. 27.01.2014. 2. (in Russ.) 18 Tkachenko S.I. Vysokotemperaturnye fumarolnye gazy, kondensaty I sublimaty vulkana Kudryavyj ostrova Iturup (High-temperature fumarolic gases, condensates and sublimates of Kudryavy volcano, Iturup Island): Dissert….. cand. nauk (Thesis for cand. of Geological-mineralogy sci.) 04.00.08. Institute of Experimental Mineralogy RAS and Geological Faculty of Moscow State University. Chernogolovka. 1996. 204. (in Russ.). 19 Bocharnikov R.E. Fiziko-лhimicheskie aspekty magmaticheskoj degazacii na vulkane Kudryavyj (Physicochemical aspects of magmatic degassing on Kudryavy volcano, Kuril Islands): Dissert….. cand. nauk (Thesis for cand. of Geological-mineralogy sci.) 25.00.04 Institute of Experimental Mineralogy RAS. Chernogolovka. 2002. 178. (in Russ.). 20 Chaplygin I.V. Rudnaya mineralizacya vysokotemperaturnyh fumarolnyh gazov vulkana Kudrryavyj (Ore mineralization of high-temperature fumaroles of Kudryavy volcano): Dissert….. cand. nauk (Thesis for cand. of Geological-mineralogy sci.) 25.00.11. Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry RAS (IGEM RAS).Moscow. 2009. 186. (in Russ.). 21 Bocharnikov R.E., Knyazik V.A., Shtejnberg A.S., Shtejnberg G.S. Ehmissiya gazov, rudnykh i petrogennykh ehlementov na vulkane Kudryavyj, ostrov Iturup, Kurilskie ostrova. (Emission of gases, ore and petrogenic elements on Kudryavy volcano, Iturup Island). Doklady RAN= Reports of RAS. 1998. 361. 5. 671-674. (in Russ.). 22 Khabirov V.V., Khabirova M.V. Prelozheniya po tekhnologiyam izvlecheniya reniya i soputstvujushchih metallov na vulkane Kudryavyj. (Proposals on technologies of rhenium and related metals recovery in Kudryavy volcano) Tsvetnaya metallurgiya = Nonferrous metallurgy. 2016. 2. 19-22. (in Russ.). 23 Palant A.A., Troshkina I.D., Chekmarev A.M. Metallurgiya reniya (Rhenium metallurgy) Moscow: Nauka. 2007, 298. (in Russ.). 24 Blohin A.A., Amosov A.A., Murashkin Ju.V. Otsenka vozmozhnosti sorbcionnogo izvlecheniya reniya iz promyvnoj sernoj kisloty system mokroj ochistki medno-nikelevogo proizvodstva (Estimation of the possibility of sorption extraction of rhenium from washing sulfuric acid of wet gas cleaning systems of copper-nickel process). Tsvetnye metally = Nonferrous metals. 2006. 8. 94-98. (in Russ.). 25 Sadykanova S.Je., Zagorodnyaya A.N., Abisheva Z.S., Sharipova A.S. Desorbtsiya reniya rastvorom ammiaka iz slaboosnovnogo anionita A170. (Desorption of rhenium with a solution of ammonia from weakly basic anionite A170) Kompleksnoe ispolzovanie mineralnogo syriya = Complex use of mineral resources. 2013. 3. 9-14 (in Russ.). 26 Petrov G.V., Bodujen A.Ya., Fokina S.V. Izvlechenie reniya iz mnogokomponentyh sernokislyh rastvorov anionitami Cybber. (Extraction of rhenium from multicomponent sulfuric acid solutions by anion exchangers Cybber). Fundamental’nye issledovaniya = Fundamental researches. 2014. 11. 2604-2609. (in Russ.). 27 Kolcov I.Ju., Sinegribov V.A., Kalashnikov A.V., Zaharov A.A. Izvlechenie reniya iz fumarolnyh gazov. (Rhenium extracted from volcanic gases) VNIIKhT-65 let: Sbornik nauchnyh trudov (VNIIKhT-65 years: Proceedings of the Institute.). Moscow: Vinpress. 2016. 368. (in Russ.). 28 Sobranie Zakonodatelstv Rossiiskoj Federatsii (Russian Federation Laws collection). Postanovlenie Pravitelstva RF № 1539 (Russian Federation Government Regulation from 29.12.2016 № 1539). [Electron resource ]2016. URL: http://government.ru/docs/all/110010. (Date of access 17.05.2017). (in Russ.) |
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL STUDIES
Title | THERMODYNAMICS OF formation AND EVAPORATION OF TELLURIUM – SULFUR MELTS |
Authors | Burabayeva N. M., Volodin V. N., Trebukhov S.A., Nitsenko A.V., Bolatbekov B.B. (Almaty) |
Author´s information |
Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Benefication, Lab of Vacuum Processes, Almaty, Kazakhstan Burabayeva N.M., Cand. Tech. Sci., senior scientific worker, e-mail: Nuri_eng@mail.ru Volodin V.N., Doctor Tech.Sci., Doctor Phys. Math. Sci., professor, chief scientific worker Trebukhov S.A., Cand. Tech. Sci., deputy general director of IM&OB Nitsenko A.V., Cand. Tech. Sci., head of the Lab Bolatbekov B.B., engineer |
Abstract | Based on the values of sulfur and tellurium activity in melts, calculated as the ratio of the partial values of the saturated vapor pressure over the solution to the vapor pressure over the pure element, represented by the temperature-concentration dependences, the thermodynamic mixing functions are determined: enthalpy and entropy in the form of concentration dependences. The system is distinguished by an alternating deviation from the law of ideal solutions: negative in the range of alloys rich in tellurium and positive for solutions with a sulfur content of more than 40 at. %. Thermodynamic constants were calculated for two concentration intervals of the system: 0 – 45 at. % S (100 – 55 at.% Te) and 45 – 100 at. % S (55 – 0 at.% Te), the error of determination was 9.69%. The visualization of changes in the partial thermodynamic functions of formation indicates a complex molecular composition of the melts. The calculated melting constant of the tellurium-sulfur melts, taking into account the a priori information on the molecular composition of sulfur and tellurium, suggested a complex composition of the vapor phase formed by polymers, varying with the concentration of the elements. The thermodynamic constants of formation and evaporation of liquid solutions of tellurium and sulfur obtained by concentration dependences can be used in thermodynamic calculations and supplement the physicochemical data base of these elements. |
Key words | sulfur, tellurium, activity, concentration, melt, enthalpy, entropy, mixing, evaporation |
References |
1 Volodin V. N., Burabaeva N. M., Trebukhov S. A. Ersajynova A. A. Fazovaya diagramma selen – sera pri davleniyakh 1•10-5 – 1•10-1 MPa (The phase diagram of selenium-sulfur at pressures of 1 • 10-5 – 1 • 10-1 MPa). Zhurnal fizicheskoj khimii = Journal of Physical Chemistry. 2016. 90. 11. 1663-1668 (in Russ.). 2 Volodin V. N., Trebukhov S. A., Burabaeva N. M., Nitsenko A. V. Fazovye ravnovesiya rasplav – gaz i diagrammy sostojaniya sistemy selen – tellur (Phase melt-gas equilibria and state diagrams of the selenium-tellurium system). Zhurnal fizicheskoj khimii = Journal of Physical Chemistry. 2017. 91. 5. 754-758 (in Russ.). 3. Jiaxin Cui, Cuiping Guo, Lei Zou, Changrong Li, Zhenmin Du. Experimental investigation and thermodynamic modeling of the Se-Sn-Te system. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2015, 645. 153-165. (in Eng.) 4 Morachevskij A. G. Termodinamika rasplavlennykh metallicheskikh i solevykh sistem (Thermodynamics of molten metal and salt systems). Moscow: Metallurgy 1987. 240 (in Russ.). 5 Volodin V. N., Isakova R. A. Distillyatsionnye protcessy razdeleniya sul’fidnykh i metallicheskikh rasplavov: teoriya i tekhnologiya (Distillation processes of separation of sulphide and metallic melts: theory and technology). Karaganda. Tengri Ltd, Monograph. 2015. 261 (in Russ.). 6 Novoselova A.V., Pashinkin A.S. Davlenie para letuchikh khal’kogenidov metallov (Vapor pressure of volatile metal chalcogenides). Moscow: Nauka. 1978. 112 (in Russ.). 7 V. N. Volodin, N. M. Burabayeva, S. A. Trebukhov, A. V. Nitsenko, B. B. Bolatbekov. Saturated vapor pressure of tellurium and sulfur over their melts. Kompleksnoe ispol’zovanie mineral’nogo syr’ya = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2017. 2. 22-26 (in Eng.). 8 Zhuravleva M. G., Chufarov G. I. O razdelenii sery i selena (On the separation of sulfur and selenium). Zhurnal prikladnoj khimii = Journal of Applied Chemistry. 1951. 24. 1. 28-31 (in Russ.). 9 Rao Y. K. Composition of liquid-saturated selenium vapor. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. 1983. 14. 1-4. 308-311 (in Eng.). 10 Ustjugov G. P., Vigdorovich E. N., Kudryavcev A. A. Molekulyarnyj sostav para v sisteme tellur – selen (Molecular composition of vapor in the tellurium-selenium system). Izv. AN USSR. Neorganicheskie materialy = News of USSR AS. Inorganic materials. 1968. 4. 10. 1796-1797 (in Russ.). |
Title | CHEMISM OF THE SLUDGE FROM THE KHOVU-AKSY DUMPS ROASTING |
Authors | Kopylov N. I. (Novosibirsk, Russia) |
Author´s information |
Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Kopylov N.I., Doctor Tech. Sci., leading scientific worker, e-mail: kolyubov@narod.ru |
Abstract | Along with natural phenomena (volcanic eruptions, hydrothermal sources etc.), anthropogenic sources bring up to 9.4∙104 tons of arsenic into the lithosphere every year in the form of ecologically dangerous non-utilizable wastes. Among them, arsenic-containing wastes from nonferrous metallurgy account for more than 90 %. This amount includes the wastes from direct metal conversion (about 30 %) with arsenic concentration up to 12 %. Especially dangerous from the viewpoint of environmental pollution is arsenic-containing dumps of old abandoned works, practically ownerless; as a rule, the state of these dumps is controlled only scarcely or is not controlled at all. The dumps of sludge from the Khovu-Aksy of the former Tuvakobalt plant, with the average arsenic content within the range 4.5–5.0 % may be related to the objects of this kind. In this connection, the problem of dump liquidation and the use of sludge as the secondary raw material appear to be urgent. Because of this, the studies of arsenic removal from sludge dumps and the possibility to transfer arsenic and the products of dearsenation into commercial products are both of the scientific and practical interest. Within the framework of the studies dealing with this problem, the present work covers the investigation of the chemism of roasting of the sludge from the dumps of the Khovu-Aksy of the former Tuvakobalt plant. In particular, the thermodynamic aspect of roasting is considered. Calculation of Gibbs energy of the thermal decomposition of parasimplesite Fe3(AsO4)28H2O during sludge heating with the formation of basic arsenate johnbaunite Ca5(AsO4)3OH was carried out, along with the calculations of the thermodynamic characteristics of parasimplesite formed in sludge, and johnbaumite formed in the product of sludge roasting. |
Key words | roasting, sludge, parasimplesite, johnbaumite, Gibbs energy, arsenic, environment protection, thermodynamics |
References |
1 Matschullat J. Arsenic in the geosphere – a review. Total Environ. 2000. 249. 297- 312. (in Eng.) 2 Kopylov N.I. Problemy mysh`yaksoderzhashchikh otvalov. (Problems of arsenic-containing dumps). Under editorship of Tolstikov G.A. Novosibirsk: GEO, 2012, 182. (in Russ.) 3 Kopylov N.I., Kaminskij Yu.D. Otvaly pererabotki mysh`yaksoderzhashchego syr`ya tsvetnoj metallurgii i vozmozhnosti ikh socrashcheniya (Dumps from processing arsenic-containing raw materials in nonferrous metallurgy and the possibilities of their reduction). Compleksnoe ispol`zovanie mineral`nogo syr`ya = Complex use of mineral resources. 2016. 4. 110-123. (in Russ.) 4 Naumov G.B., Ryzhenko B.N., Khodakovscij I.L. Spravochnik termodinamicheskikh velichin (Handbook of thermodynamic quantities). Moscow: Atomoizdat, 1971, 240. (in Russ.) 5 Termicheskie konstanty veshchestv. pod red. Glushko V.P. (Thermal constants of substances. Under editorship of Glushko V.P.) Moscow: VINITI. 1965. vyp. I, 18-22. (n Russ.) 6 Termicheskie konstanty veshchestv. (Thermal constants of substances. Under editorship of Glushko V.P.) Moscow: VINITI. 1970. vyp.IV. 12. (n Russ.) 7 Termicheskie konstanty veshchestv. (Thermal constants of substances. Under editorship of Glushko V.P.) Moscow: VINITI. 1972. vyp.VI. 190, 230, 274. (in Russ.) 8 Termicheskie konstanty veshchestv. (Thermal constants of substances. Under editorship of Glushko V.P.) Moscow: VINITI. 1979. vyp.IX. 88. (in Russ.) 9 Kasenov B.K., Aldabergenov M.K., Pashinkin A.S., Kasenova Sh.B., Alskenov S.M. Metody prikladnoj termodinamiki v khimii i metallurgii (Methods of applied thermodynamics in chemistry and metallurgy). Karaganda: Glasir, 2008, 332. (in Russ.) 10 Kireev V. A. Metody practicheskikh raschetov v termodinamike khimichskikh reaktsij (Methods of practical calculations in thermodynamics of chemical reactions). Moscow: Khimiya, 1975, 536. (in Russ.) |
MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
Title | ADHESION PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE COATINGS ON TITANIUM |
Authors | Kenzhegulov А. К., Mamayeva А. А., Panichkin А. V. (Almaty) |
Author´s information |
Institute of metallurgy and ore benefication, Lab of Materials Technology, Almaty, Kazakhstan Kenzhegulov A. K., engineer, e-mail: kazakh_1403@mail.ru Mamayeva A. A., Cand Tech. Sci, head of lab. Panichkin A.V., Cand Tech. Sci, leading scientific worker, e-mail: abpanichkin@mail.ru
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Abstract |
Biocompatible calcium phosphate coatings were obtained by high-frequency magnetron sputtering method on the titanium substrate of VT1-0 brand at a high-frequency plasma power of 200 W and a different sputtering time. The results of Auger spectroscopy study of the elemental concentrations of profiles along the depth of the obtained calcium-phosphate films are presented. X-ray phase analysis results allowed to determine the detailed structure and phase composition of calcium-phosphate coatings formed as a result of plasma-chemical reactions on a titanium substrate are presented. It was found that the diffraction peaks corresponding to hydroxyapatite shift toward larger angles and the magnitude of the interplanar spacing decreases, which is due to the process of formation of tri-calcium phosphate and titanium oxide. The data of sclerometric studies (scratch test) on the adhesion strength of the formed coatings to the substrate are given at different film thicknesses equal to 0.09 μm, 0.72 μm and 1.6 μm. According to the sclerometry data, films with a smaller thickness (0.09 μm) undergo degradation at much lower values of the load than samples with a higher thickness (0.72 and 1.6 μm). This is explained by the fact that films with a larger thickness have stronger adhesion and cohesive resistance. Thus, with an increase of the thickness of the calcium phosphate coating up to 1.6 μm, there is a significant improvement in adhesion characteristics.
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Key words | calcium-phosphate coating, high-frequency magnetron sputtering, indentor, acoustic emission, friction coefficient, titanium substrate |
References |
1 Schnettler R., Stahl J.P., Alt V., Pavlidis Т., Dingeldein E., Wenisch S. Calcium phosphate-based bone substitutes. European Journal of Trauma. 2004. 30(4). 219–229. (in Eng.) 2 Pichugin V.F., Surmenev R.A., Shesterikov E.V., Ryabtseva M.A., Eshenko E.V., Tverdokhlebov S.I. The preparation of calcium phosphate coatings on titanium and nickel-titanium by rf-magnetron sputtered deposition: composition, structure and micromechanical properties. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2008. 202(39). 13–20. (in Eng.) 3 Sun L., Berndt C.C., Gross K.A. et al. Material fundamentals and clinical performance of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings: a review. Biomed. Mater.Res. 2001. 58(5). 570–592. (in Eng.) 4 Callahan, T.J., Gantenberg, J.B., and Sands, B.E. Calcium phosphate coating draft guidance for preparation of food and drug administration submissions for orthopedic and dental endosseous implants. Characterization and performance of calcium phosphate coatings for implants: ASTM STP 1196, Emanuel Horowitz and Jack E. Parr, ASTM, Philadelphia, 1994, 185-197. (in Eng.) 5 Inagaki M., Yokogawa Y., Kameyama T. Apatite/titanium composite coatings on titanium or titanium alloy by RF plasma-spraying process. Thin Solid Films. 2001. 386(2). 222–226. (in Eng.) 6 Zamoume O., Thibault S., Regnie G., Mecherri M.O., Fiallo M., Sharrock P. Macroporous calcium phosphate ceramic implants for sustained drug delivery. Mater Sci Eng. 2011. 289. 1352–1356. (in Eng.) 7 Yakovlev V.I. Ehksperimentalno-dyagnosticheskij kompleks dlya issledovanya poroshkovykh SVS-materialov pri detonatsionno-gazovom napylenii (Experimental-diagnostic complex for the investigation of powdered SHS-materials in detonation-gas spraying): avtoref. dis… kand. tekhn. nauk (Abstract of thesis for Cand. of Tech. Sci ) / Altai State Technical University. Barnaul, 2003. 19 (in Russ.) 8 Asri R.I.M., Harun W.S.W., Hassan M.A., Ghani S.A.C., Buyong Z., A review of hydroxyapatite-based coating techniques: sol-gel and electrochemical depositions on biocompatible metals. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 2015. 9. 267-325. (in Eng.) 9 Yang Y., Kim K.H, and Ong J. L., A review on calcium phosphate coatings produced using a sputtering process – an alternative to plasma spraying. Biomaterials. 2005. 26. 327–337. (in Eng.) 10 Lacefeld W.R., Hydroxyapatite coatings. An Introduction to Bioceramics. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 1993. 223–238. (in Eng.) 11 Tverdohlebov S.I., Shesterikov E.V., Malchihina А.I. Osobennosti formirovaniya kaltsij-phosphatnykh pokrytij metodom VCH mgnetronnogo napyleniya na implantatakh (Features of formation of calcium-phosphate coatings by the method of high-frequency magnetron sputtering on implants). Izvestiya Tomskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta =Proceedings of Tomsk Polytechnic University. 2012. 320(2). 73-79.(in Russ.) 12 Surmenev M.A., Surmenev R.А., Pichugin V.F., Koval N.N., Teresov A.D., Ivanova А.А., Grubova I.Yu., Ignatov V.P., Primak О., Epple М. Issledovanie adgezionnyh svojstv kremnijsoderzhashego kaltsij-phosphatnogo pokrytiya, osazhdennogo metodom VCH magnetronnogo raspyleniya na nagretuyu podlozhku (Investigation of the adhesive properties of a silicon-containing calcium-phosphate coating deposited by HF magnetron sputtering on a heated substrate). Poverhnost. Rentgenovskie, sinkhrotronnye I nejtronnyeissledovaniya = Surface. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Studies. 2013. 10. 32–40. (in Russ.) 13 Valli J., Makela U., Matthews A., Murawa V. TiN coating adhesion studies using the scratch test method. Vac. Sci.Technol. A: Vac. Surf. Films. 1985. 3. 2411-2414. (in Eng.) 14 Mohseni E., Zalnezhad E., Bushroa A.R. Comparative investigation on the adhesion of hydroxyapatite coating on Ti-6Al-4V implant: a review paper. International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives. 2014. 48. 238–257. (in Eng.) 15 Lin J.C., Liu M., Ju C. Structure and properties of hydroxyapatite–bioactive glass composites plasma sprayed on Ti6Al4V. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 1994. 5. 279–283. (in Eng.) 16 Lacefield W. Hydroxyapatite coatings. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1988. 523. 72–80. (in Eng.) 17 Li D., Ferguson S.J., Beutler T., Cochran D.L., Sittig C., Hirt H.P., Buser D. Biomechanical comparison of the sandblasted and acid-etched and the machined and acid-etched titanium surface for dental implants. Biomed. Mater.Res. 2002. 60. 325. (in Eng.) 18 Rodionov I.V. Sozdanie biosovmestimyh pokrytij na meditsinskih titanovyh implantatah anodirovaniem v sernokislyh eletrolitah (Creation of biocompatible coatings on medical titanium implants by anodizing in sulphate electrolytes). Perspektivnyye materialy = Perspective materials. 2008. 6. 45-54. (in Russ.) 19 Mamayeva A.A., Kenzhegulov A.K., Panichkin A.V., Kalipekova M.А. Poluchenie kaltsij-phosphatnyh pokrytij na titanovoi podlozhke v usloviyakh mikrodugovoj obrabotki (Preparation of calcium phosphate coatings on a titanium substrate under conditions of microarc oxidation). Kompleksnoe ispol’zovanie mineral’nogo syr’ya = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2017. 2. 33-40. (in Eng.) 20 Mamayeva A.A., Panichkin A.V., Kenzhegulov A.K. Merkibaev E.C. Issledovanie vliyanie na sostav, strukturu, morphologiyu biokompozita (Investigation of the effect of heat treatment on the composition, structure, morphology of the biocomposite). Resursosberegeyushie tehnologij v obogoshenij rud i metallurgij tsetnyh metallov: mater. mezhduna. konf. (Resource-saving technologies in the enrichment of ores and metallurgy of non-ferrous metals: proceedings of Internation. Conf.) Almaty, Kazakhstan. 2015. 261-265. (in Russ.) 21 Chen M., Liu D., You C., Yang X., Cui Z. Interfacial characteristic of graded hydroxyapatite and titanium thin film by magnetron sputtering. Surface & Coatings Technology. 2007. 201. 5688–5691. (in Eng.) 22 A. von Keudell. Surface processes during thin-film growth. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 2000. 9. 445. (in Eng.) |
Title | HYDROGEN PERMEABILITY OF MEMBRANES BASED ON NIOBIUM AND TANTALUM FOILS IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF TECHNICAL PURITY HYDROGEN |
Authors |
Panichkin A.V., Derbisalin A. M., Mamayeva A. A. Dzhumabekov D.M., Imbarova A.T. (Almaty)
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Author´s information |
Institute of metallurgy and ore benefication, Lab of Materials Technology, Almaty, Kazakhstan Kazakh National Research Technical University named after K.I. Satpayev, Almaty, Kazakhstan Panichkin A.V., Cand Tech. Sci, acting head of lab., e-mail: abpanichkin@mail.ru Derbisalin A.M., Junior scientific worker Mamayeva A.A., Cand Tech. Sci, head of lab. Dzhumabekov D.M., engineer Imbarova A.T., junior scientific worker
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Abstract |
The paper presents the results of measuring the hydrogen permeability of membranes from niobium and tantalum foils with 40 μm of thickness. The measurements were carried out in a hydrogen atmosphere of technical purity with a smooth decrease in temperature followed by isothermal aging and under conditions of cyclic temperature variation. It is shown that the temperature and the magnitude of the excess pressure influence the hydrogen permeability of the niobium and tantalum membranes. A decrease in temperature causes a reduction in hydrogen permeability. The increase in hydrogen pressure shortens the period until the maximum of hydrogen permeability is reached. This indicates that an increase in the gas pressure loss accelerates the saturation of the membrane with hydrogen. The values of hydrogen permeability and the duration of the membrane before destruction are interrelated. The more hydrogen flow through the membrane, the faster it breaks down. When membranes function under cyclic temperature fluctuations, the period before their destruction is longer compared to that observed in membranes with a smooth temperature decrease followed by isothermal aging. This phenomenon is explained by a significant change in the solubility of hydrogen in niobium and tantalum in the range of 500-600 °C. Probably, a cyclic change in temperature leads to a decrease in the average concentration of hydrogen in niobium and tantalum and, as a result, increases their plasticity. Under conditions of cyclic temperature change, the optimal hydrogen permeability and the period before destruction of the niobium membrane show in the range of 535-555 °C at a pressure of 500 kPa, and membranes from tantalum in the range of 555-568 °C and 300-500 kPa. Investigation of the surface of membranes after contact with hydrogen showed that the main cause of their breakthrough are microcracks, which arise when crossing folds formed during membrane dilatation. It is assumed that the creation of conditions to prevent the crossing of folds and their more orderly formation will significantly increase the service life of hydrogen permeable membranes. Upon contact with technical grade hydrogen, the surface of the membranes of tantalum and niobium is coated with a thin oxide film. This leads to a decrease in hydrogen permeability over time.
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Key words | hydrogen permeability, thin membranes, niobium, tantalum, dilatation, hydrogen |
References | 1 Livshits A.I., Notkin M.E., Samartsev A.A. Physico-chemical origin of superpermeability – large-scale effects of surface chemistry on «hot» hydrogen permeation and absorption in metals. Journal of Nuclear Materials. 1990. 170. 74–94. (in Eng.)
2 Livshits A., Sube F., Notkin M., Soloviev M., Bacal M. Plasma driven suprerpermeation of hydrogen through group Va metals. Journal of Applied Physics. 1998. 84. 2558–2564. (in Eng.)3 Busnyuk A., Nakamura Y., Nakahara Y. etal. Membrane bias effects on plasma-driven permeation of hydrogen through niobium membrane. Journal of Nuclear Materials. 2001. 290–293. 57–60. (in Eng.) 4 Hatano Y., Watanabe K., Livshits A. Effects of bulk impurity concentration on the reactivity of metal surface: Sticking of hydrogen molecules and atoms to polycrystalline Nb containing oxygen. Journal of Chemical Physics. 2007. 127. 204707-1–13. (in Eng.) 5 Gaseund Kohlenstoffin Metallen. Ed. By Fromm E., Gebhardt E. Berlin: Springer, 1976. 747. (in Germ.) 6 Patent 3350845. US. Separation of Hydrogen by Permeation. / Makrides A.C., Wright M.A., Jewett D.N.; publ. 07.11.1967, 8. (in Eng.) 7 Nishimura C., Komaki M., Amano M. Hydrogen Permeation Characteristics of Vanadium-Nickel Alloys. Materials Transactions. JIM.(The Japan Institute of Metals). 1991. 32. 5. 501–507. (in Eng.) 8 Amano M., Komaki M., Nishimura C. Hydrogen permeation characteristics of palladium-plated V-Ni alloy membranes. Journal of the Less-Common Metals. 1991. 172–174. 727–731. (in Eng.) 9 Buxbaum R.E., Marker T.L. Hydrogen transport through non-porous membranes of palladium coated niobium, tantalum and vanadium. Journal of Membrane Science. 1993. 85. 29–38. (in Eng.) 10 Edlund D.J., Friesen D., Johnson B., Pledger W. Hydrogen-permeable metal membranes for high-temperature gas separations. Gas Separation & Purification. 1994. 8. 131–136. (in Eng.) 11 Edlund D.J., Mc Carthy J. The relationship between intermetallic diffusion and flux decline in composite-metal membranes: implications for achieving long membrane lifetime. Journal of Membrane Science. 1995. 107. 147–153. (in Eng.) 12 Peachey N. M., Snow R.C., Dye R.C. Composite Pd/Ta metal membranes for hydrogen separation. Journal of Membrane Science. 1996. 111. 123–133. (in Eng.) 13 Moss T.S., Peachey N.M., Show R.C., Dye R.C. Multilayer metal membranes for hydrogen separation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 1998. 23. 2. 99–106. (in Eng.) 14 Buxbaum R.E., Kinney A.B. Hydrogen transport through tubular membranes of palladium-coated tantalum and niobium. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 1996. 35. 530–537. (in Eng.) 15 Panichkin A.V., Derbisalin A. M., Dzhumabekov D.M., Alibekov Zh.Zh., Imbarova A.T. Improvement of methodology and equipment for determination of hydrogen permeability of thin flat metallic membranes. Kompleksnoe ispol’zovanie mineral’nogo syr’ya = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2017. 2. 46-52. (in Eng.) |
Title | PRODUCing OF TiN/Al2O3 COATING BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING METHOD |
Authors | Sagdoldina Zh. B., Skakov М. К., Rakhadilov B. K., Zhadyranova A. A. (Kurchatov, Semey, Ust-Kamenogorsk) |
Author´s information |
National Nuclear Center of Energy Ministry of RK, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan State University named after Shakarim, Semey, Kazakhstasn Sagdoldina Zh. B., junior scientific worker of lab. of thermal research of materials, senior teacher of cathedra of technical physics and heat power engineering, e-mail: Sagdoldina@mail.ru Skakov М. К., Doctor Phys. Math. Sci., professor, head of Nuclear Energy Institute National Nuclear Center of Energy Ministry of RK, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan East-Kazakhstan State Technical University, named after D. Serikbayev, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan Rakhadilov B. K., PhD, tech. physics, senior scientific worker National Nuclear Center of Energy Ministry of RK, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan Zhadyranova A. A., engineer of 1-st category |
Abstract | The results of investigation of the surface morphology and mechanical properties of TiN/Al2O3 coatings obtained by mechanical alloying (MA) are presented. It was established that surface morphology of the coatings formed from powder materials on the substrate depends on the powder components staying efficiency in the dynamic impact zone of the balls. X-ray diffraction studies of phase of TiN/Al2O3 coatings showed a broadening of the diffraction peaks, which indicates a high level of internal stresses during mechanical alloying. Perhaps, under the impact of ball collision, dislocation sliding occurs in the Al2O3 structure, which leads to the formation of extensive (flat) packing defects and residual micro-strains in the lattice. It is assumed that the mechanism of the formation of coatings during the MA process is associated with deformation mixing, which leads to the formation of structural defects; migration of structural defects imparts mobility to the atomic structure, contributing to the formation of new compounds or solid solutions. In the system both the initial components of the coatings and the nuclei of new compounds are presented. The adhesion strength of Al2O3/TiN coatings on the surface of a titanium alloy was investigated before and after annealing at 900 ° C by the method of scratch test. As a result of the tests, the minimum load was determined, which led to the destruction of the coating. Evaluation of the adhesion strength of coatings before and after annealing showed a significant improvement in adhesion of coatings after annealing at 900 °C. The improvement in adhesion after the annealing may be due to diffusion processes that can facilitate structural relaxation after the deformation induced mixing process. It is shown that the wear resistance of Al2O3/TiN coatings after annealing at 900 °C increases twice, the microhardness – three times in comparison with titanium Grade 1. |
Key words | mechanical alloying, adhesion, annealing, wear resistance, aluminium oxide ceramic coating, titanium nitrid |
References |
1 Kobayashi K., Miwa K., Takayanagi T., Ohnaka I. Formation of Ti-Al-ZrO2 Film on the Surface of Mechanical Alloying Ball. Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy, 1993. 40, 10, 955-958 (in Eng.). 2 Torosyan A.R., Jonathan R.T., Korsunsky A.M., Barseghyan S.A. A New Mechanochemical Method for Metal Coating. Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials, 2002. 13, 251-256 (in Eng.). 3 Romankov S, Hayasaka Y., Kasai E., Yoon J.-M. Fabrication of nanostructure Mo coatings on Al and Ti substrates by ball impact cladding. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2010. 205, 2313-2321 (in Eng.). 4 Zadorozhnyy V., Kaloshkin S., Tcherdyntsev V., Gorshenkov M., Komissarov A., Zadorozhnyy M. Formation of intermetallic Ni–Al coatings by mechanical alloying on the different hardness substrates. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014. 586, 373–376 (in Eng.). 5 Li Y., Chen C., Deng R., Feng X., Shen Y. Microstructure evolution of Cr coatings on Cu substrates prepared by mechanical alloying method. Powder Technology, 2014. 268, 165-172 (in Eng.). 6 Pogrebnyak A. D., Kravchenko YU. A. Modifikatsiya mekhanicheskikh svojstv pokrytij TiN/Al2O3 i TiN/Cr/Al2O3 pri pomoshchi nizkoehnergeticheskih sil’notochnyh ehlektronnyh puchkov (Modification of the mechanical properties of TiN/Al2O3 and TiN/Cr/ Al2O3 coatings by low-energy high-current electron beams). Sverkhtverdye materialy = Superhard materials, 2013. 2, 56-64 (in Russ.). 7 Guittoum A., Layadi A., Bourzami A., Tafat H., Souami N., Boutarfaia S., Lacour D. X-ray diffraction, microstructure, Mo¨ssbauer and magnetization studies of nanostructured Fe50Ni50 alloy prepared by mechanical alloying. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2008. 320, 1385–1392 (in Eng.). 8 Sagdoldina, Zh.B. Poluchenie keramicheskikh pokrytij iz oksida ayuminiya metodom mekhanicheskogo splavleniya (The preparation of ceramic coatings on the basis of aluminum oxide by mechanical alloying method). Vestnik KazNTU = Herald of Kazakh National Technical University. 2016. 1(113), 266-270 (in Russ.). 9 Krivutsa, Z. F. Problema sozdaniya metall- keramicheskikh soedinenij s ispol’zovaniem vakuumno-plazmennykh tekhnologij (The problem of creating metal-ceramic compounds using vacuum-plasma technologies): avtoref. dis…kand. fis.-mat. nauk (Abstract of the Thesis for cand. phys.-math. sciences) / AmurKNII Far East Branch of RAS. Blagoveshchensk. 2000, 24. 10 Avvakumov E.G. Mekhanicheskie metody aktivatsii khimicheskikh protsessov (Mechanical methods of activation of chemical processes). Novosibirsk: Nauka. 1986, 297. (in Russ.). 11 Sagdoldina Zh.B., Skakov M.K., Stepanova O.A. Poluchenie ZrO2 pokrytij na poverkhnosti stali 12H18N10T metodom mekhanicheskogo splavleniya (Production of ZrO2 coatings by method of mechanical alloying on the surface of the steel 12Х18Н10Т). Vestnik NYaTs RK = Herald of National Nuclear Center of RK. 2017, 1. 103-107 (in Russ.) |
METAL SYSTEMS INVESTIGATION
Title | THE R6M5 FAST-CUTTING STEEL SURFACES STRUCTURE AFTER ELECTRON BEAM TREATMENT |
Authors | Rakhadilov B. K,. Stepanova O. A., Sagdoldina Zh. B., Baiserkenova T. N. (Ust-Kamenogorsk, Semey, Kurchatov) |
Author´s information |
National Nuclear Center of Energy Ministry of RK, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan East-Kazakhstan State Technical University, named after D. Serikbayev, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan Rakhadilov B. K., PhD, tech. physics, senior scientific worker
State University named after Shakarim, Semey, Kazakhstan Stepanova O. A., Cand Tech. Sci, associate professor, head of cathedra of technical physics and heat power engineering National Nuclear Center of Energy Ministry of RK, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan State University named after Shakarim, Semey, Kazakhstan Sagdoldina Zh. B., junior scientific worker of lab. of thermal research of materials, senior teacher of cathedra of technical physics and heat power engineering, e-mail: Sagdoldina@mail.ru
East-Kazakhstan State Technical University, named after D. Serikbayev, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan Baiserkenova T. N., undergraduate of faculty of Engineering
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Abstract | The article presents results of investigation P6M5 fast-cutting steel surface structure after electron-beam processing using electron microscopy methods. After electron beam treatment, the size of carbide particles decreases and on the cross section of the sample is formed a hardened layer representing as a more fragmented martensite. In this case, the modified layer smoothly passes into the base. The thickness of the P6M5 modified layer of steel is average 20 μm. Using an energy dispersive surface analysis of P6M5 steel before and after electron-beam processing it was determined, that there is no significant change in the elemental composition of the materials surface after electron-beam processing. The structure of steels consists of martensite and carbide. It is determined, that light spherical carbides are enriched by tungsten and molybdenum, and gray – by vanadium. Electron microscopic method confirmed that after electron-beam processing the fine-dispersed particles of secondary phases which are М23С6 carbides are formed on the P6M5 fast-cutting steel surface layer. It is determined, that the particles of М23С6 carbide are inside of the α-martensite crystals. Secondary phases which formed on the P6M5 fast-cutting steel surface after electron irradiation are characterized. It is assumed, that the formation of fragmented martensite and М23С6 carbides leads to the increasing of hardness and wear resistance of P6M5 steel. |
Key words | electron-beam processing, fast-cutting steel, microstructure, martensite, carbide |
References |
1 Kadyrzhanov K.K. Komarov F.F., Pogrebnyak A.D., Rusakov V.S., Turkebaev T.E. Ionno-luchevaya i ionno-plazmennaya modifikatsiya materialov (Ion-beam and ion-plasma modification of materials). Moscow: MGU. 2005. 640 (in Russ.). 2 Solonenko O.P., Alhimov A.P., Marusin V.V., Orishich A.M., Rahimyanov H.M., Salimov P.A., Shhukin V.G., Kosarev V.F. Vysokoehnergeticheskie protsessy obrabotki materialov (High-energy processes of material processing). Novosibirsk: Nauka. 2000. 425 (in Russ.). 3 Leshchinskij I.K., Samotugin S.S., Pirch I.I. Komar V.I. Plazmennoe poverkhnostnoe uprochnenie (Plasma surface hardening) Kiev: Technic. 1990. 109 (in Russ.). 4 Arshinger I. Instrumental’nye stali i ikh termicheskaya obrabotka. Spravochnik. (Tool steels and their heat treatment. Handbook). Moscow: Metallurgy, 1982. 313 (in Russ.). 5 Saltykov S.A. Stereometricheskaya metallografiya (Stereometric metallography). Moscow: Metallurgy, 1976. 190 (in Russ.). 6 Skakov M.K., Rahadilov B.K., Karipbaeva G.S., Manapbaeva A.B., Strukturno-fazovoe sostoyanie bystrorezhushchej stali Р6M5 posle termicheskoj obrabotki (Structural-phase state of fast-cutting steel P6M5 after heat treatment). Vestnik KazNU = Bulletin of KazNU. 2014. 1 (48). 53-59 (in Russ.). 7 Gulyaev A.P., Malinina K.A., Saverina S.M. Instrumental’nyye stali. Spravochnik. (Instrumental steels. Handbook). – Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye, 1975. 272 (in Russ.). |
INDUSTRIAL WASTE UTILIZATION
Title |
CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COAL WASHING DUMPS DEPENDING ON TIME OF ACCUMULATION
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Authors | Blayda I. A., Vasylevа T. V., Dgambek O.I, Slyusarenko L.I., Barba I.N. (Odessa, Ukraine) |
Author´s information |
Mechnikov’s Odessa National University, Biotechnological Scientific and Educational Center, Odessa, Ukraine Blayda I. A., phD, Tech. Sci., Head of the Lab., e-mail: iblayda@ukr.net Vasylevа T. V., phD, Biol. Sci., senior scientific worker Dgambek O.I, scientific worker Slyusarenko L.I., scientific worker Barba I.N., scientific worker
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Abstract | The article presents the results of studying the physicochemical and biological features of production waste substrates from the coal washing dump of the Lvov-Volhynia coal basin with different term of storage. It allows to substantiate the expediency of their processing by a biotechnological method and recommend for recycling irrespectively of the term of storage in order to obtain germanium concentrate and to reduce their toxicity. Modern and classical methods of investigation as atomic absorption, IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, spectral method, etc were used in the work. The potentiometric method and an author’s patented electrochemical cell were used to measure the redox potential (Eh) and pH. It is established that during the storage of dumps under the influence of external factors in them occur changes in the physicochemical and biological properties, these affect the structure and composition of the micro-biocoenosis and the ability of the formed equilibrium systems to degrade. It has been established that in dumps during long-term storage the most components were concentrated and oxidation of metal ions of the raw material up to higher oxidation states occurs with the formation of more stable equilibrium structures. Also it has been established that the pH of the systems under study is largely influenced by the storage time of the substrate, and the Eh value is largely determined by the composition of the leach solution, and lesser determined by the substrate storage period and the presence of aboriginal microbiota in it. Significant enough influence of aboriginal microbiota of the dumps substrate on their stability during processing was established and the influence of own microbiota in dumps with a long storage time is more pronounced. |
Key words | coal washing dumps, microbiocoenosis, microorganisms aboriginal community, germanium, gallium, leaching |
References |
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