Title: On the optimal ratio of the hardness of wheel and rail steel, ensuring minimal wear of the wheel-rail friction pair

Authors: Moldakhmetova A.,Kanaev A. Download the article in PDF

Abstract: In this work, to identify the optimum between the hardness of the wheel and the rail, which ensures minimal wear, methods were used to determine wear by mass loss (volumetric wear) and by micrometric measurement of the size of the imprint (linear wear). It has been shown that the optimal range of wheel and rail hardness, determined by measuring (reducing) the size of the indentation, is in the range of 1.38-1.55. This interval practically confirms the wear identified by mass loss of 1.41-1.58. Based on these data, it is recommended to use the average value of the ratio between them, namely, 1.39-1.56 (HVк556-655, HVр400-420), which does not violate the objectivity and accuracy of measurements, both when determining volumetric and linear wear. It is noted that there is no magic relationship between the hardness of a wheel and a rail; there is only an optimal hardness for wheels and rails, determined by several internal (chemical composition, structure, properties, etc.) and external (friction coefficient, degree of slippage, presence or absence of lubrication, axle loads, etc.) factors.

Keywords: wheel, rail, hardness ratio, friction pair, wear, weighing, sample mass, measurement, print size.

Cite this article as: Moldakhmetova, A., Kanaev, A. (2024). On the optimal ratio of the hardness of wheel and rail steel, ensuring minimal wear of the wheel-rail friction pair. Challenges of Science. Issue VII, 2024, pp. 5-10. https://doi.org/10.31643/2024.01

Title: Impact of online language learning on psychological well-being

Authors: Ketebayeva E., Kassymova G., Ponniah K., Makhmut A. Download the article in PDF

Abstract: The topic of the impact of online language learning on psychological well-being is gaining increasing attention due to the shift towards digital learning platforms. Online language learning offers convenience, flexibility, and a wide range of resources, which can positively influence individuals' self-confidence, cultural understanding, and sense of achievement. This study examines the influence of online language learning platforms on psychological aspects. The study was conducted through a google form survey consisting of 10 questions in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Research shows that using online language learning platforms can make people feel happier and less stressed. Learning a new language online reduces loneliness and provides confidence. These platforms can also help improve communication skills and understanding of different cultures. Setting goals, tracking progress, and receiving rewards on these platforms can help keep people motivated and interested in the learning process. The results, presented through tables and detailed analysis, indicate the positive impact of online language learning on reducing feelings of isolation, enhancing stress levels, and improving communication skills. The findings shed light on the potential benefits of online platforms in promoting psychological well-being through accessible learning opportunities.

Keywords: students, online platforms, learning, psychology, stress, motivation, communication.

Cite this article as: Ketebayeva, E., Kassymova, G., Ponniah, K., Makhmut, A. (2024). Impact of online language learning on psychological well-being. Challenges of Science. Issue VII, pp. 11-19. https://doi.org/10.31643/2024.02