Minerals benefication
Tusupbayev N.K., Turysbekov D.K.,Syemushkina L.V., Mukhanova A.A., Satylganova S.B. Application of the modified aero-float and thermal mode at flotation of lead-zinc ores of Shalkiya deposit
Title | Application of the modified aero-float and thermal mode at flotation of lead-zinc ores of Shalkiya deposit |
Authors | Tusupbayev N.K., Turysbekov D.K.,Syemushkina L.V., Mukhanova A.A., Satylganova S.B. |
Author´s information | “Center of Earth sciences, metallurgy and ore benefication” JSC, lab of flotation reagents and benefication, Almaty Tusupbayev N.K., Dr. Tech.Sci, head of lab Turysbekov D.K., Cand Tech.Sci, senior scientific worker Seymushkina L.V., Cand Tech.Sci, senior scientific worker Mukhanova A.A., scientific worker, ainura-muhanova@mail.ru Satylganova S.B, junior scientific worker |
Summary | Studies of collective and selective flotation of lead-zinc ore of the Shalkiya deposit with application of a thermal mode and modified composite aero-float were conducted in comparison with basic aero-float. Lead and zinc extraction in the form of collective lead-zinc concentrate with a stable concentrate quality is improved due to heating of pulp up to 40°С. Collective lead-zinc concentrate contained lead – about 9.0 % at 79.6 % extraction, and zinc – about 23.0 % at 76.7 % extraction was obtained. Lead extraction increases by 3.7 %, and zinc extraction – by 2.5 % in comparison with extraction without pulp heating. Consumption of modified aero-float is decreased by 20 % in comparison with butyl aero-float. Pulp heating up to 35°C at selective separation of collective lead-zinc concentrate of ore showed that application of modified aero-float improved this process. Lead and zinc extraction into unlike concentrates increased by 5-7 % with simultaneous improving concentrates quality. |
Key words | lead-zinc ores, modified aero-float, pulp heating, collective and selective flotation. |
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Metallurgy
Areshina N.S., Kasikov A.G.Behavior study and precious metals concentration while utilizing of the Kola MMC “Severonikel” sulfuric acid division’s intermediates
Title | Behavior study and precious metals concentration while utilizing of the Kola MMC “Severonikel” sulfuric acid division’s intermediates |
Authors | Areshina N.S., Kasikov A.G. |
Author´s information |
The I.V.Tananaev Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and Mineral Raw Materials, The RAS Kola Science Center, Apatity, Russia Areshina N.S., Cand Tech.Sci., senior scientific worker, areshina@chemy.kolasc.net.ru Kasikov A.G., Cand.Chem.Sci., docent, head of hydrometallurgy sector |
Summary | The study concerns the distribution of precious metals in middlings of the sulfuric acid division of a copper-nickel smelter. These include the washing sulfuric acid, gas flue condensates and selenium cakes. There have been established some regularities in extracting of osmium from gas flue condensates with a mixture including tertiary amines and octanol. It has been shown that most of the osmium can be concentrated in the organic phase by co-processing the washing sulfuric acid and gas flue condensates. In the process of technical selenium extraction from selenium cakes, precious metals, except silver, were concentrated in sulphite leaching residues. Influence of nature of reagent for hydrochemical benefication on separation of non-ferrous metals from selenium base was investigated. And it was revealed that the bulk of silver can be dissolved using a sulfuric acid sodium chloride solution. It has been proposed to extract silver from the hydrochemical benefication leachate using sorption with Purolite S920 – chelating cation exchanger. |
Key words | precious metals, osmium, silver, extraction, concentrating. |
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Zagorodnyaya A.N., Abisheva Z.S., Bochevskaya Ye.G.Osmium recovery from saturated anionite А170 by hydrothermal repulping in presence of the oxidant
Title | Osmium recovery from saturated anionite А170 by hydrothermal repulping in presence of the oxidant |
Authors | Zagorodnyaya A. N., Abisheva Z. S., Bochevskaya Ye. G. |
Author´s information |
“Center of Earth sciences, metallurgy and ore benefication” (CESMOB) JSC, lab of rare scattered elements, Almaty Zagorodnyaya A.N., Dr. Tech.Sci., professor, chief scientific worker Abisheva Z.S., Corresponding member of KzNAS., president of “CESMOB” JSC Bochevskaya Ye.G., Cand Tech. Sci, leading scientific worker, elena_bochevskaya@mail.ru |
Summary | The article presents the results of experiments on the selection of optimal conditions for maximum recovery of osmium into solution from of saturated anionite A170 by “wet combustion”. The effect of concentration of oxidant – potassium periodate (KIO4) in the solution, temperature, phase contact time of the system ionite – solution, and the ratio the of reagent volume to the volume of the ionite on the Os desorption process was investigated. It has been established that the increase in all investigated parameters promotes recovery of osmium from the anionite. Optimal conditions for osmium desorption into solution: concentration of KIO4 – 40 g/dm3, temperature 80°C, contact time – 2 hours were selected. Process under these conditions provides a decomposition of the anionite with transfer of osmium into solution by ~ 99 %. |
Key words | osmium, wet combustion, saturated anionite, desorption, recovery. |
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Sarsenbai G., Myltykbayeva L.A., Abdulvaliyev R.A.Autoclave conditioning of disperse aluminium hydroxide
Title | Autoclave conditioning of disperse aluminium hydroxide |
Authors | Sarsenbai G., Myltykbayeva L.A., Abdulvaliyev R.A. |
Author´s information |
“Center of Earth sciences, metallurgy and ore benefication” JSC, lab of alumina and aluminium , Almaty Sarsenbai G., Cand.Tech.Sci., scientific worker Myltykbayeva L.A., Cand.Tech.Sci., vice-president of «Parasat» JSC Abdulvaliyev R.A., Cand.Tech.Sci., head of lab |
Summary | The results of the studies of processes of aluminum hydroxide conditioning under hydrothermal conditions and of obtained aluminum hydroxide calcination were given. Sample of nanosized aluminum hydroxide were used as a raw material, which were obtained by process of chemical precipitation under developed optimal conditions. The conditioning processes were carried out in autoclave by water leaching under hydrothermal conditions. Conditioned aluminum hydroxide was subjected to calcination in a tube furnace ST – 1200 RGXI. The results of experiments show the optimal autoclave conditions: processing of dispersed aluminum hydroxide with water at temperature of 240°C, time for 60 min. Thus there was obtained monophase boehmite with particles dispersity about 100 nm – 92%. After calcination, obtained the particulate alumina contains phase of γ and α-Al2O3, with a minimal scatter by size concerning average value of – 80 nm. The specific surface of the alumina is 107 m²/g. It has been established that the increase of dispersibility of the precipitated aluminum hydroxide can be carried out by the hydrothermal treatment under the autoclaving conditions. |
Key words | aluminum hydroxide, dispersion, in autoclave conditioning, particles size, alkaline-aluminate solution. |
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Semenchenko G.V., Abubakriyev A.T.Biochemical technology of precious metals extraction from persistent ores
Title | Biochemical technology of precious metals extraction from persistent ores |
Authors | Semenchenko G.V., Abubakriyev A.T. |
Author´s information |
“Center of Earth sciences, metallurgy and ore benefication” JSC, lab of noble metals , Almaty Semenchenko G.V., Cand.Biol.Sci., leading scientific worker Abubakriyev A.T., leading engineer, www.asim.kz@mail.ru |
Summary | The technology has been developed for extraction of precious metals from persistent ores by biochemical leaching with a complex leaching solution. Biochemical agent consisted of the following: liquid heterotrophic bacteria patented under the name of Pseudomonas aureofaсiens “T – 10 IMiO” in concentration of 108 cells/sm3, amino acid – 0,04 mol, thiocyanate – 0,01 mol and cyanide – 0,1 mol as well. The technology has passed the integrated-laboratory and trial tests in the industrial premises of the Company “NAC” Biomed-preparation» on Bestobe deposit’s ore. The leaching conditions were: рН 9,8-10,0; temperature – 20-23°С, hashing – 100 rpm; ratio S:L = 1:2. The duration of one leaching stage was 8-16 h, and then solution was changed on fresh one (in need of 2-6 times depending on ore content and desirable result). The clarified solution arrives on sorption, the gold less tailings – in tail storehouse. Gold extraction was 91 %, silver – 40 %. For comparison gold extraction on deposit Bestobe now is 70 %. The results of experimental-industrial tests enable to recommend biochemical leaching of gold with use of the complex biochemical agent on deposit Bestobe, that will enable to raise gold extraction to 20 %, and also in addition to extract rare metals from refractory ore (the titanium, molybdenum). In accordance with the technical and economic calculations, the annual saving of the cost price per 1 kg of gold at using the complex biochemical agent will be 32 386,2$. Under condition of additional extraction for year molybdenum and titanium to the amount of 496 375$ the general profit at complex leaching agent using will be 528 761, 2$ per year. The developed technology will promote decrease of anthropogenic load on ecosystem and will increase through extraction of gold. |
Key words | complex biochemical leaching agent, noble metals, rare metals |
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Sit'ko Ye.A., Skornyakova L.G., Slyusarev A.P., Kamirdinov A.G., Aidapkhanov A.Ye.Flux for converting of polymetallic mattes
Title | Flux for converting of polymetallic mattes |
Authors | Sit’ko Ye.A., Skornyakova L.G., Slyusarev A.P., Kamirdinov A.G., Aidapkhanov A.Ye. |
Author´s information |
“Center of Earth sciences, metallurgy and ore benefication” JSC, lab of pyrometallurgy of heavy nonferrous metals , Almaty Sit’ko Ye.A., Cand.Tech.Sci., leading scientific worker Skornyakova L.G., cientific worker lab of physical methods of analysis Slyusarev A.P., Cand.Phys -Math.Sci., senior scientific worker Balkhash copper-smelting plant Kamirdinov A.G., head of engineering department, abbas_k@mail.ru Aidarkhanov A.Ye., chief engineer of smelting shop |
Summary | Physical-chemical properties of phosphoric slag, containing about 38% silica and 42% calcium oxide were studied and optimal composition of silicate-lime flux for converting of polymetallic mattes, consisting of phosphoric slag and ore (75 or 98,8% SiO2) was chosen. Based on the data of roentgen-phase analyses indicating amount of primary slag (amorphous phase) and flux forming ability of mixture ore + waste of phosphor production (phosphoric slag) it was chosen optimal composition of converting flux. Independently of ore composition content of phosphoric slag in flux can be changed in the range of 20-25%. It was established by laboratory experiment that converting of polymetallic mattes with different content of copper and ratio Fe/Pb from 1 to 2 at using optimal flux composition allows to decrease 1,4-2,2 time losses of copper with slag. In same time lead recovering into fumes increases at ratio Fе/Pb> 1,5 in comparison with converting only with silica ore. Increasing of this ratio assists in best lead converting into gas phase. At ratio Fe/Pb ≈ 1,0 and using silicate-lime flux there is no increase of lead evaporating, but losses of copper decrease 1,2-2,4 time. |
Key words | flux, slag forming, converting, copper, lead, distribution. |
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Ul'tarakova A.A., Naimanbayev M.A., Onayev M.I., Alzhanbayeva N.Sh., Akhmadiyeva N.K.Obtaining of niobium enriched by-product under the scheme roasting - sintering - leaching
Title | Obtaining of niobium enriched by-product under the scheme roasting – sintering – leaching |
Authors | Ul’tarakova A.A., Naimanbayev M.A., Onayev M.I., Alzhanbayeva N.Sh., Akhmadiyeva N.K. |
Author´s information |
“Center of Earth sciences, metallurgy and ore benefication” JSC, lab of titanium and rare refractory metals,, Almaty Ul’tarakova A.A., Cand.Tech.Sci., senior scientific worker, ult.alma@mail.ru Naimanbayev M.A., Cand.Tech.Sci., head of lab. Onayev M.I., Cand.Tech.Sci., leading scientific worker Alzhanbayeva N.Sh., leading engineer Akhmadiyeva N.K.., leading engineer |
Summary | The article presents the results of research of roasting – sintering process with calcined soda of cakes obtained by leaching of dust chamber’s (DC) sublimates of titanium chlorinator with the aim of removing silicon, iron, aluminium and manganese impurities by leaching. Roasting – sintering process was carried out with different amounts of soda and different sintering temperature. It was found optimal conditions for cake roasting – sintering: temperature 900°C; exposure time 1 hour; one-and-a-half excess of soda from stoichiometrical necessary. Under the given conditions of roasting niobium extraction into cake was 93,4 %. The silicon containing in cake after DC sublimates leaching at the specified temperature of roasting-sintering interacts with soda with formation of sodium silicate soluble in water. The developed technique for leaching of sinter after roasting – sintering includes: leaching by 2 % soda solution at ratio S:L=1:8 within 30 minutes in the closed glass, cake leaching after filtration by 5 % hydrochloric acid solution at temperature 25°С, at ratio S:L=1:10, duration of processing 2 hours. |
Key words | roasting-sintering, cake, dust chamber’s sublimates, soda, sinter, cinder, leaching, niobium, benefication, titanium production. |
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Shevko V.M., Serzhanov G.M., Amanov D.D., Khodzhabayev N.Thermodynamic modeling and experimental investigation of silicon, manganese, ferrum and phosphorus carbothermic coreduction
Title | Thermodynamic modeling and experimental investigation of silicon, manganese, ferrum and phosphorus carbothermic coreduction |
Authors | Shevko V.M., Serzhanov G.M., Amanov D.D., Khodzhabayev N. |
Author´s information |
Southern Kazakhstan State University named after M. Auezov, Shymkent Shevko V.M., Dr.Tech.Sci., professor of cath. Serzhanov G.M., doctoral student – PhD, gsm_ask@mail.ru Amanov D.D., Bachelor of Science in Engineering, operator Khodzhabayev N. Bachelor of Science in Engineering, operator |
Summary | The article considers research results of carbothermic coreduction of Si, P, Fe and Mn, obtained by thermodynamic modeling (with using of software system HSC-5.1, based on the Gibbs energy minimization principle) and electric smelting of agglomerate in the ore-smelting furnace by capacity in 100 kV·А. It was established from the agglomerate containing %: 41,3 Ca3(PO4)2, 12,2 MnO, 8,3 CaO, 3,3 Al2O3, 2,3 MgO, 5,8 Fe2O3 and 26,8 SiO2 at low temperature (≥600°С) Fe, then phosphorus (≥900°С), manganese (≥1000°С) and silicon (≥1500°С) are reduced. Increase of carbon content in the furnace-charge favors to the development in 1500-1900°С temperature interval of the silicon reduction and its transformation into the alloy and reduces extraction of the phosphorus into the alloy. Conditions for production of high-silicon (10-16,2% of Si, 55-54% of Mn, 29,8-31,5% of Fe and 3-5% of P) and high-phosphorus (8,6-12,8% of P, 28,5-53% of Mn, 33,8-52,8% of Fe and 3-5% of Si) manganese ferrophosphorus silicon were found. The manganese ferrophosphorus silicon with content of, %: 52,3 Mn, 30,2 Fe, 10,8 Si, and 3,6 P has been obtained from the agglomerate in production conditions. At that 72,2% of Mn, 97,6% of Fe, 11,1% of Si and 3,6% of P passed into the alloy from the agglomerate, and 92,3% of phosphorus passed into the gaseous phase. |
Key words | reduction, silicon, manganese, ferrum, phosphorus, thermodynamic modeling, electric smelting, manganese ferrophosphorus silicon. |
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Physical-chemical studies
Malyshev V.P., Makasheva A.M.An activation factor in the probabilistic model of materials grinding
Title | An activation factor in the probabilistic model of materials grinding |
Authors | Malyshev V.P., Makasheva A.M. |
Author´s information |
Chemical and Metallurgical Institute named of Zh. Abishev, Karaganda Malyshev V.P., Dr. Tech.Sci., head of lab Makasheva A.M., Dr. Tech.Sci., chief scientific worker, astra_mun@mail.ru |
Summary | Previously, the authors developed a probabilistic model of grinding materials in drum mills operating in waterfall mode, based on the similarity of the kinetics of molecular collisions and subsequently summarized in a purely probabilistic form of successive elementary events through the corresponding probability possible to explain almost all the features of materials grinding, including a steep decline in fractional composition towards fines as you progress through the process, followed by the formation of their strict lognormal distribution. According to the new model this distribution is a result of steric and counter activation factors and formed without the assumption of independence of the speed of the process of particle size, as well as from the initial impact of the fractional composition and other parameters taken into account. This emphasizes the particular importance of the grinding activation factor. In order to clarify grinding activation energy is evaluated not by the heat of fusion, but by the melting temperature of whole ore. In addition to the expression of the impact energy through the potential energy kinetic energy of mixture of balls and disperse seeds in the fall at the beginning of its operation in the mill waterfall is considered. To illustrate examples of the use three models for the probability of destruction of the quartz ore are presented. The data obtained show that the additional consideration of the kinetic energy of the ball quite significantly enhances grain destructible. On the other hand, the use of the expression of activation energy through a melting point of fracture ore gives comparable results with the previously received energy barrier equal to the heat of melting. This substantiates the possibility of more accessible evaluation of the activation energy through the melting point of the material. In general, the attempt clarify the activation factor indicates the adaptability of a probabilistic model of grinding and its openness for deeper development of all relevant factors. |
Key words | drum mill, waterfall mode grinding activation factor, grinding activation energy, ball kinetic energy, melting temperature. |
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Tanutrov I.N., Sviridova M.N.Studying the properties of germanium-containing coals and coaly breed rocks
Title | Studying the properties of germanium-containing coals and coaly breed rocks |
Authors | Tanutrov I.N., Sviridova M.N. |
Author´s information |
Metallurgy Institute of RAS Ural Branch, Yekaterinburg, Russia Tanutrov I.N., Dr. Tech.Sci, chief scientific worker Sviridova M.N., Cand Tech.Sci., senior scientific worker, marina-sviridova@list.ru |
Summary | Germanium raw of Pavlovsky brown-coal deposit is processing by combustion but coal only. Siltstone is not suitable for burning and for this reason is not processed. The results of research allow involving into processing also siltstone. Technical characteristics and chemical compositions of samples of germanium raw were defined, and the phase and mineral compositions of the coal and siltstone, and their behavior at heating in an oxidizing atmosphere were researched. The studies found that the mineral deposits of coal are presented by a-quartz (SiO2) and hydromicas corresponding complicated formula K(Na)4Al2 (OH)2 • [AlSi3O10] • nH2O with varying amounts of moisture crystallization. In siltstone revealed the presence of a-quartz and minerals from the subgroup of hydro-aluminosilicate layered structure, mainly dickite, having the formula Al2Si2O5 (OH)4. The findings suggest the feasibility of joint processing of germanium-coal mining waste – siltstone. The results of studies of physical and chemical properties of the samples will be used in the development of innovative technology for the joint processing of both raw materials with increased extraction of germanium, comprehensive utilization of raw materials and environmental security. |
Key words | germanium coal and siltstone, chemical and phase composition, thermal conversion, processing. |
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Investigation of electrochemical processes
Agapova L. Ya., A.N. Zagorodnyaya A.N., Abisheva Z.S., Kilibaeva S.K., Altenova A.N.Use of electrodialysis for obtaining of pure ammonia perrhenate from technical salt
Title | Use of electrodialysis for obtaining of pure ammonia perrhenate from technical salt |
Authors | Agapova L.Ya., A.N. Zagorodnyaya A.N., Abisheva Z.S., Kilibaeva S.K., Altenova A.N. |
Author´s information |
“Center of Earth sciences, metallurgy and ore benefication” JSC, lab of rare scattered elements, Almaty Agapova L.Ya., Dr. Tech.Sci, head of lab., rm.303.imo@mail.ru Zagorodnyaya A.N., Dr. Tech.Sci., chief scientific worker Abisheva Z.S., Corresponding member of KzNAS., president of “CESMOB” JSC Kilibaeva S.K., Cand Tech.Sci., scientific worker Altenova A.N., leading engineer |
Summary | The paper presents the results of research on obtaining pure ammonia perrhenate from technical salt extracted from the waste fluids after the flushing of metallurgical gases of Balkhash copper smelting plant, by electrodialysis. Electrodialysis method allows deep cleaning solutions of ammonia perrhenate technical salt, isolated from various products of non-ferrous metallurgy and production waste containing rhenium. The rhenium acid and ammonia perrhenate of high purity can be obtained by electrodialysis. The influence of parameters of electrodialysis process on the content of rhenium and impurities in rhenium acid and in ammonia perrhenate, which precipitated from this acid, has been studied. The optimum conditions of the process (current density 300 A/m², solution temperature 50°С) for obtaining concentrated rhenium acid with the low content of impurities according to State standard were determined. The salt of ammonia perrhenate which precipitated from this acid corresponds to Mark AR-0 and on the content of certain impurities to Mark AR-00. |
Key words | ammonia perrhenate, technical salt, solutions purification, electrodialysis, rhenium acid. |
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Dospaev M.M., Figurinene I.V., Dospaev D.M., Kulikov V.Yu.Electrochemical polarization of disperse one-valent copper oxide in sulphate solutions on the solid electrodes
Title | Electrochemical polarization of disperse one-valent copper oxide in sulphate solutions on the solid electrodes |
Authors | Dospaev M.M., Figurinene I.V., Dospaev D.M., Kulikov V.Yu. |
Author´s information |
Chemical and metallurgical institute named after Zh. Abishev, Lab. for physical-chemical research of complex use of the condensed waste, Karaganda Dospaev M.M., Dr. Tech.Sci., chief scientific worker Karaganda State Medical University, cathedra of Pharmaceutical disciplines with course of chemistry Figurinene I.V., Cand.Chem.Sci., docent, electrochimik@mail.ru Karaganda State Technical University, cathedra of metallurgy and materials science Dospaev D.M., undergraduate Kulikov V.Yu., Cand Tech.Sci, Head of cathedra |
Summary | Cathodic behavior of dispersed Cu2O on the copper, titanium and steel electrodes in sulfuric acid solution is studied by voltamperometry method. It is found that the reduction conducts at all Cu2O investigated electrodes by solid phase mechanism and via recovery of Cu2+ ions, produced by partial dissolution of the sample in the electrolyte. The values of the reaction order and the activation energy were calculated. The influence of current density, concentration of sulfuric acid, titanium (IV) ions, duration and temperature of the electrolyte to the current output of copper powder in the cathodic reduction of copper oxide (I) was studied by Gauss-Seidel method. A mathematical model of the output current of copper powder was obtained, by using which the nomogram is calculated. |
Key words | voltamperometry, cathodic reduction, electrolysis, copper oxide (I), titanium (IV), copper powder |
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Inorganic materials
Abdulina SA, Sadenova MA, Utegenova M.E, Kablanbekov B.M, Ryspaev T.A.Research of properties of Eastern Kazakhstani mineral resources for obtaining new materials on their basis
Title | Research of properties of Eastern Kazakhstani mineral resources for obtaining new materials on their basis |
Authors | Abdulina S.A., Sadenova M.A., Utegenova M.E., Kablanbekov B.M., Ryspaev T.A. |
Author´s information |
East-Kazakhstan State University named after Serikbayev, cathedra of chemistry, metallurgy and benefication, Ust-Kamenogorsk Abdulina SA, PhD-doctoral student, abdulina.saule@mail.ru Sadenova MA, Cand.Chem.Sci., docent Utegenova M.E, undergraduate Kablanbekov B.M, Cand. Phis.-Math. Sci., docent Clausthal University of Technology – Technischen Universität Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Ryspaev T.A., PhDr.Tech.Sci., professor |
Summary | The properties of natural mineral raw materials of Eastern Kazakhstan have been studied in order to estimate perspectives of their usage as catalyst carrier for purification of gaseous industrial emissions. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis of structure of Taizhuzgen zeolite and bentonite from Taganskoye deposit as well as their mix are represented. Besides thermal stability data of initial components and compositions on their basis are given. Derivatograms and photos of the studied samples that have been done by means of scanning, electronic, and optical microscopy are shown. It was found that the structure of initial natural clinoptilolite deformed already at 500°C, and completely disintegrated at high temperature glowing. Obtaining of a mix clinoptilolite / bentonite with ratio 60÷40 respectively and sintering up to 1000°С promotes formation of solid solutions on the basis of natural quartz and plagioclase. The obtained experimental data were used for developing catalyst carriers technology that includes preparation of molding material, extrusion formation or compressing with further sintering of the obtained samples. Catalysts carriers were synthesized by methods of powder metallurgy in the form of granules, pellets and blocks. |
Key words | sorbent, zeolite, bentonite, microstructure, thermal stability, sintering, powder metallurgy. |
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History of Science
Fathi HabashiA short history of mineral processing
Title | A short history of mineral processing |
Authors | Fathi Habashi . |
Author´s information |
Laval University Department of Mining, Metallurgical, and Materials Engineering, Quebec City, Canada Fathi Habashi, Ph.Dr.Tech.Sci, Professor, Emeritus of Extractive Metallurgy, Fathi.Habashi@arul.ulaval.ca |
Summary | Crushing and grinding of ores and their beneficiation by washing away gangue minerals has been practiced since ancient times. Primitive crushing was done by hand pounding the ore with a hard stone then by using metallic hammers. The mortar and pestle was mechanized using a lever and when the size of operations increased in the middle ages, the stamp mill was introduced. The grindstone played an important role in grinding of ores. Panning for gold and hand sorting of minerals were two old methods of separation, now gave way to modern techniques. Flotation started in the middle of the nineteenth century by using oils to collect the mineral particles and float them on the surface of the aqueous slurry. It was only in the 1920s when it was discovered that organic compounds were affective floating agents. Textbooks written by distinguished engineers such as Rittinger, Rickard, Pryor, Taggart, Richards, Gaudin, and others contributed to the recognition of this field as a new discipline to be taught in Universities. In Russia I.N. Plaksin devoted his studies to the theory and technology of hydrometallurgical processes, concentration of minerals, and the history of metallurgy. |
Key words | minerals processing, ore beneficiation, flotation, science history. |
Reference | General
Flotation
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