№2 (2019)
Journal issue in print is in June 2019.
PREFACE
Dear readers and colleagues, our journal covers a wide range of modern problems of the mining and metallurgical complex – from the stage of ore dressing, obtaining mineral concentrates to the stage of obtaining finished products in the form of alloys and products of various functional purposes; assessment of the metals market, project efficiency, production organization, etc.
Recently, the search for unconventional solutions and the creation on their basis of new technologies for the production of metals and their concentrates from complex, persistent and substandard raw materials are becoming relevant. I would like to wish the authors and readers of the journal close cooperation between research organizations and enterprises of metallurgy in the field of setting scientific and practical tasks and financing scientific research.
The magazine tries to constantly improve its work, to make new trends. It is included in the American CAS database, and the owner of the journal Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Beneficiation has become a member of the international association of connecting digital libraries for identifying objects at Crossref, the leading global DOI registration agency, and is its provider, the journal is also included in the eLIBRARY.RU electronic library, RISC. The staff of the editorial board is being replenished. This time, Dr., Associate Professor Sr Dr. Md Azree Othuman Mydin from the University Sains, (Penang, Malaysia) and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eng. Didik Nurhadiyanto – Senior Lecturer at Yogyakarta State University, (Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia) have been included in our editorial membership.
The editorial board hopes for further fruitful cooperation with the authors and will try to keep the interest of readers in the published materials.
Kenzhaliyev Bagdaulet – Editor-in-Chief, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor
E-mail: journal@kims-imio.kz
Title |
A SLURRY EMISSION OFF A PULP APPEARED AFTER METALLURGIC GASES WASH OF BALKHASH COPPER SMELTING PLANT BY SPINNING |
Authors |
Linnik X.A., Sharipova A.S., Zagorodnyaya A.N. ( Almaty, Kazakhstan) |
Author´s information |
Linnik X.A. − Master, Engineer of the Laboratory of Rare Scattered Elements of the JSC “Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Beneficiation”, Almaty, Kazakhstan, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-1409, е-mail: xenija_linnik@mail.ru Sharipova A.S. − Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Laboratory of Rare Scattered Elements of the JSC “Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Beneficiation”, Almaty, Kazakhstan, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2618-9521, е-mail: a_sharipova@mail.ru Zagorodnyaya A.N. − Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Laboratory of Rare Scattered Elements of the JSC “Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Beneficiation”, Almaty, Kazakhstan, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8252-8954, е-mail: alinazag_39@ mail.ru |
Abstract | A sulphuric acid is obtained of the metallurgic gases after smelting of feed materials and matte converting preliminary cleaned dry or wet method. A pulp appears after wet gases cleaning containing sulphuric acid solution, slurry and amorphous selenium. The sulphuric acid production at the Balkhash copper smelting plant differs from the identic one at the Zheskazgan copper smelting plant by cleansing solutions spinning off and extracting slurry out of them by sedimentation. By this reason Balkhash copper smelting plant discharge pulp 7-14 times as much as Zheskazgan copper smelting plant of clarified liquor. Pulp is a valued man-made raw material to extract rhenium off the solution, selenium iodine off the slurry. At present, a sorption technology of rhenium extraction off the solution is developed and tested in the pilot scale. Selenium is a second component worth mentioning considering its production at the Balkhash copper smelting plant. This article analyzes prospect researches of various methods testing of clear solutions obtaining, faults and benefits of straining by spinning. The results are provided of the slurry amount effect and amorphous selenium in the pulp, the speed and time of rotation of the centrifuge rotor. A rotor spinning velocity is established to be the main factor has impact on pulp separation into the clear solution and residue of every slurry compound, including amorphous selenium by spinning. This method according to calculations allows to a substantial energy costs saving comparing the pulp heating-straining. |
Key words |
metallurgic gases, flushing, pulp, cleansing sulphuric acid, slurry, straining, spinning |
References |
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Title |
FORMATION OF SYLICIDES OF ALUMINIUM IN THE AL-SI-TI SYSTEM |
Authors |
Panichkin A. V., Kshibekova B. B.*, Imbarova A. T. (Almaty) |
Author´s information |
Information about authors: Satbayev University «Institute of Metallurgy and Ore beneficiation», Laboratory of physical metallurgy, Almaty, Kazakhstan Panichkin Alexandr Vladimirovich – Cand. Tech. Sci., Leading Researcher of the Laboratory of physical metallurgy at «IMOB» JSC, Head of the National Scientific Laboratory of Collective Use in the priority area «Technologies for hydrocarbon and mining sectors and their related service branches» at «IMOB» JSC, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-8949, E-mail: abpanichkin@mail.ru. Kshibekova Balzhan Bulatovna – Researcher of the Laboratory of physical metallurgy at «IMOB» JSC, Ph.D. –doctoral student of «The Kazakh National Research Technical University named after K.I. Satpayev» NCJSC («KNRTU named after K.I. Satpayev» NCJSC), https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-7865, E-mail: balzh_79@mail.ru Imbarova Akerke Talgatovna – Researcher of the Laboratory of physical metallurgy at «IMOB» JSC Almaty, Kazakhstan, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9366-314X, E-mail: akerke.345@mail.ru |
Abstract |
Currently used discrete fillers of cast aluminum matrix composite antifriction materials in most cases are characterized by high hardness, leading to increased wear of steel pairs of friction, which makes the search for new fillers urgent. Due to the formation of titanium aluminosilicates in the Al-Ti-Si system and the insignificant solubility of silicon and titanium in aluminum, it was suggested that it is possible to obtain composite materials based on them by the in-situ method or by synthesizing reinforcing materials in a liquid metal matrix. The introduction of titanium in the amount of 10 wt. % into the melts of Al-10÷20 wt. % Si at 700, 800 and 900 °C and subsequent isothermal holding the composite materials are synthesized. By melting in the range of 1000-1100 °C the Al-10÷25 wt. % Si-5÷15 wt. % Ti materials are obtained The phase composition of these materials and the content of elements in the primary phases formed in the aluminum matrix, the hardness of materials obtained by melting is determined. Studies of the formation of phases in the Al-Si-Ti system showed that under the conditions of their synthesis in the liquid phase as a result of reaction-diffusion, a large spectrum of aluminosilicates is formed, which are characterized by a dispersed structure. Under such conditions, since the processes are far from equilibrium, the formation of phases that cannot form during crystallization from the melt under conditions of its cooling is possible. This makes it possible, by varying the synthesis temperature and composition of the charge materials, in wide intervals, to change the properties of the resulting aluminum-matrix composite materials. Similar composite alloys that form during crystallization from the melt are characterized by a more coarse-crystalline structure and a substantially smaller spectrum of silicides, which obviously impairs their properties. The tests of the composite material of composition 85 % Al-15 % Si – 10 % Ti for friction-wear showed that it is characterized by high tribological characteristics. A significant advantage of the materials of the Al-Si-Ti system is the absence of solid phases capable of damaging the surface of the counter body made of steel. This makes promising further studies of the tribotechnical characteristics of the composites of this system. |
Keywords |
discrete fillers, aluminum matrix composite antifriction materials, titanium aluminum silicides, Al-Si-Ti system |
References |
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Title |
INFLUENCE OF CIRCULATING WATERS’ PARAMETERS, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURAL HETEROGENEITY OF AISI304 STEEL ON ITS PITTING RESISTANCE |
Authors |
Narivs’kyi О. E., Subbotin S. A., Belikov S. B., YAR-Mukhamedova G. Sh., Kemelzhanova A. E. (Almaty) |
Author´s information |
Narivs’kyi Oleksii Eduardovich – Dr. Sc., Professor, Technical Director, “Ukrspetsmash” LLC, Berdyansk, Ukraine. amz309@yandex.ru Subbotin Sergey Aleksandrovich – Dr. Sc., Professor, Head of the Department of Software Tools, Zaporizhzhia National Technical University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. subbotin@zntu.edu.ua Belikov Sergey Borisovich – Dr. Sc., Professor, Rector, Zaporizhzhia National Technical University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. rector@zntu.edu.ua Yar-Mukhamedova Gulmira Shariphovna – al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Institute of Experimental and Theoretical physics, Dr. Sc., Professor, Gulmira-alma-ata@mail.ru Kemelzhanova Aiman Esteuovna – al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Solid State and Nonlinear Physics, Ph.D. aiman_90.08@mail.ru |
Abstract | The goal of the work was to study the affect of the parameters of steel and circulating waters on the pitting resistance of AISI304 steel to develop practical recommendations for its use when manufacturing and operating heat exchangers. Based on the analyzed results of the study of how the AISI304 steel and circulating waters’ parameters affect its pitting resistance, there were plotted regression models: a first-order linear model, a second-order model, a second-order model with first order quotients, and a linear model with a reduced number of indications. The analysis of these models has shown that the pitting resistance of the steel in model circulating waters is most affected by its chloride content and the average distance between oxides in the steel. The indications x3 (average diameter of austenite grains) and x10 (Cr content) have a slightly lesser effect the steel’s pitting resistance criterion. |
Keywords | corrosion, pitting resistance, chloride-containing solution, steel, heat exchangers. |
References |
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Title |
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES INVESTIGATION OF OXIDE COATINGS ON TITANIUM |
Authors |
Ramazanova J. M., Zamalitdinova M. G. (Almaty) |
Author´s information |
Ramazanova Zhanat – Ph.D. in Chemistry, Joint-Stock Company “National Center of Space Research and Technology”, Almaty, Kazakhstan E.mail: zhanat2005@yandex.kz Zamalitdinova Marina – Magister of Information Systems, Joint-Stock Company “National Center of Space Research and Technology”, Almaty, Kazakhstan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8746-1664 |
Abstract | This paper studies the impact of rapidly flowing impulse effect of electrolytic plasma oxidation on physical and mechanical specifications of oxide coatings through the surface modification of VT1-0 titanium alloy. The present mode allows obtaining dense coatings with high mechanical properties. The electrolytic plasma oxidation process implementation leads to a micro arc-discharge emergency in a short period through the small duration values of 250 µs anodic impulse. The achieved oxide coatings have high wearing features. Frictional testing resulted in wearing features increase in 4-15 times comparing to the sample off coating at to15 µm oxide layer thickness. Friction coefficient curves of oxide coating samples have shown no destruction of the coating to the bottom. A run-in area is recognized on the curves; sliding surfaces adapt to each other and pass to the stable friction regime. The later leads to the friction coefficient reduce and wear intensity reduction. |
Key words | electrolytic plasma oxidation, oxide coating, frictional tests |
References |
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Title |
MASS DESTRUCTION OF STRONG ROCKS BY INTERMITTENT EMISSIONS OF HYDRO CHARGES |
Authors | Buktukov N.S., Gumennikov Y.S., Mashatayeva G.A. (Almaty, Kazakhstan) |
Author´s information |
Buktukov N. S. – Аcademician of NAS RK, doctor.tech.sciences’., professor, «Institute of mining named after Kunayev D.A.» Almaty, Kazakhstan. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6370-8557 E-mail: n.buktukov@mail.ru Gumennikov E. S. – senior researcher Laboratory of technology of underground development of ore deposits, «Institute of mining named after Kunayev D.A.» Almaty, Kazakhstan. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7564-444X https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7564-444 E-mail: e.qumennikov@mail.ru Mashataeva G. A. – master, junior researcher of Laboratory of technology of underground development of ore deposits, «Institute of mining named after Kunayev D.A.» Almaty, Kazakhstan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-631X E-mail: gulzada_90_90@mail.ru |
Abstract |
Several thousand of small gold and rare-metal deposits are located at a depth inaccessible for open mining in underdeveloped areas of Kazakhstan, which in their limited reserves are either classified as off-balance or are not included in the register of reserves of the SRC (State Reserves Committee). This article discusses the creation and the development of new technologies that are based on the use of fundamentally new technical means will be effective and able to reduce the cost of mining. The hydro-impulse method of rocks destruction of any fortress is offered that will allow reducing sharply the scopes of capital and actual mining at a considerable decrease in their Prime cost. Therefore, it will be possible to involve in the effective development of numerous off-balance gold and rare-metal deposits of Kazakhstan. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of the economic and technical efficiency of the hydro-impulse destruction of strong and abrasive rocks in the ore industry with respect to the existing drilling and blasting technology is given, the developed design of an environmentally friendly electric-discharge hydro-impulse gun GPE-1200 with a very high power of hydrofoil is described. The specific recommended design mechanisms, shut-off valves water gun, operating at ultrahigh hydrostatic intra assembly unit pressures, which include how to combine the blasting of the rock mass in the excavation or clearing operations and use the device for drilling wells. |
Keywords |
underground gasification, steep-falling layers, steam-air blast, steam generator, hydraulic shock compressor, hydraulic pulse drilling, steam-hydraulic turbine. |
References |
1 Zhalgasuly N., Bitimbayev M.ZH., Gumennikov Ye.S. Novaya bezvzryvnaya tekhnologiya vedeniya gornykh rabot ( New non-explosive mining technology ) Izvestiya vuzov. Gornyy zhurnal=News of universities. Mountain Journal, 2006. 2. 10-14. (in Russ.) 1 Zhalgasuly N., Gumennikov Ye.S. Novaya bezvzryvnaya gornaya tekhnologiya.(New explosion-free mining technology) V sb. trudov Mezhdun. nauchno-prakt. konf. «Problemy kompleksnogo osvoyeniya mineral’nogo syr’ya Dal’nego Vostoka»=On Sat works International scientific and practical conf. “Problems of integrated development of mineral raw materials of the Far East”, Khabarovsk 2005. (in Russ.) 2 Impul’snyye vodomety dlya razrusheniya gornykh porod (Pulsed water jets for rock breaking). TSNIItsvetmet ekonomiki i informatsii Series: Mining. M.1978. (in Russ.) 3 Nikonov G.P., Kuzmich I.A., Gol’din YU.A. Razrusheniye gornykh porod struyami vysokogo davleniya (Destruction of rocks by high pressure jets) M.: Nedra, 1986. 143. (in Russ.) 4 Asanov A.A., Gumennikov Ye.S. Razvitiye ob”yektov teploenergetiki na osnove innovatsionnykh tekhnologi podzemnoy pererabotki uglya (Development of thermal power facilities based on innovative technologies of underground coal processing). Publishing: News of KSTU. I.Razzakov, 2017. 4.44, 43-44. (in Russ.). 5 Zhalgasuly N., Gumennikov Ye.S. Perspektivy otrabotki malykh mestorozhdeniy s ispol’zovaniyem potochnoy tekhnologii (Prospects of development of small deposits with the use of flow technology). Izd-vo: KAZNITU im. K.I.Satpayeva, Institut metallurgii i obogashcheniya, Almaty, №3, 2018 g., s 7-14. (in Russ.) 6 Atanov G.A. Gidroimpul’snyye ustanovki dlya razrusheniya gornykh porod (Hydro pulse installation for destruction of rocks). G.A. Atanov. K.: Vishcha shkola, 1987. 155. (in Russ.). 7 Atanov G.A. The impulsive water jet device: a new machine for breaking rock. G.A. Atanov International Journal of Water Jet Technology. 1991. V.1, 2. 85–91. (in Eng.) 8 Atanov G. The Pressure Rise Factor For Powder Hydro-cannon G. Atanov, V. Gubsky, A. Semko. Proc. of the 13th International Conference on Jetting Technology. Sardinia, Italy. October 29-31, 1996. 91-103. (in Eng.). 9 Atanov G.A. Peculiarities of the powder water cannon operation. G.A. Atanov, A.N. Semko, O.P. Petrenko, E.S. Geskin, V. Samardzic, В. Goldenberg Proc. of the ASME Int. Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exp. Washington (USA). 2003. (in Eng.) 10 Atanov G.A. The powder water cannon. G.A. Atanov, A.N. Semko. Proc. of the Int. Summer Science School on High-Speed Hydrodynamics (HSH 2002). Cheboksary (Russia), Washington (USA). 2002. 419–424. (in Eng.). 11 Koshkin N.I., Shirkevich M.G. Spravochnik po elementarnoy fizike. Publishing House “Science” Moscow 1972. 91. (in Russ.). 12 Zhalgasuly N., Gumennikov Ye.S., Bitimbayev M.ZH. Sozdaniya moshchnykh nakopiteley impul’snoy energii (Creation of powerful pulse energy storage devices). Works inter. N.-pr. conf. “Innovative ways of development of the oil and gas industry of Kazakhstan”, Almaty 2007, 262-269. (in Russ.). 13 Zhalgasuly N., Gumennikov Ye.S. Nekotoryye aspekty protsessa gidroimpul’snoy tekhnologii razrusheniya krepkikh porod (Some aspects of the process of hydroimpulse technology of destruction of hard rocks). Works IGD them. D.A.Kunaeva: “Scientific and technical support of mining production”, T. 83, Almaty 2013, 59-63. (in Russ.) 14 Dyusenova, S. B., Kenzhaliev, B. K., Abdulvaliev, R. A., … Gladyshev, S. V. (2018). Complex hydrochemical processing of slime tailings generated in chromite-bearing ore concentration. Obogashchenie Rud, 27–32. https://doi.org/10.17580/or.2018.06.05 15 Buktukov N.S, Gumennikov E.S. A new mud-pulse rocks destruction technology is a prospect to the effective earth reclamation. Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ. 306(3), 2018. 7–14. https://doi.org/10.31643/2018/6445.11 |
Title |
TITANIUM MELT INTERACTION WITH THE REFRACTORY OXIDES OF SOME METALS |
Authors |
Panichkin A. V., Imanbayeva A. B., Imbarova A. T. (Almaty, Kazakhstan) |
Author´s information |
Panichkin A. V. – Cand. of Eng., Leading Research Associate, Head of the National Scientific Laboratory of General Use in the priority direction “The hydrocarbon and mining and metallurgical sectors technologies and related service industries”, https://orcid.org/0000 -0002-2403-8949 E-mail: abpanichkin@mail.ru Imanbayeva A. B. – PhD candidate, Junior Research Associate, E-mail: i_alimka@mail.ru Imbarova A.T. – Research Associate, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9366-314X E-mail: akerke_345@mail.ru |
Abstract |
This article reviews perspectives of various refractory oxides application, including rare earth elements as fire resistance material to produce tiegels for titanium induction melting and titanium alloys. The interaction of titanium molten with calcium oxide, magnesium, zirconium, and the rare earth elements oxides: lanthanum, cerium, and yttrium were studied in theory and by testing. In order to assess the possibility of using oxides of these metals in the manufacture of refractories for Ti alloys melting, the thermodynamic calculations were performed using the Outotec HSC Chemistry 8 program. The Gibbs free energy of the reactions of interaction between titanium alloys with the listed oxides was calculated. The Gibbs energy was testified to have positive values in the high temperatures, which in theory means that they can be used as refractory materials in the smelting of titanium. The experiments of short-term interaction of titanium with the oxides of the listed elements were carried out under heating in a vacuum induction furnace. The interaction was evaluated by the change in the titanium structure after melting it in the volume of the pressed oxide powder. In the process of titanium melting with oxides of calcium and magnesium at high temperatures, an intense boiling and splashing are observed. This fact is explained by the titanium restores calcium and magnesium to the state of the metal, and the low boiling temperature of calcium and magnesium causes the release of a large amount of metal vapor. Titanium is heavily contaminated by the metals that form these oxides, and, therefore, by oxygen being in contact with La2O3, CeO2, and ZrO2. The yttrium oxide is testified to be the most resistant to the titanium melting, there is no significant contamination of the molten with yttrium and oxygen, and this increases the titanium hardness by 20%. The experiments have resulted in that it was recommended to use yttrium oxide as a refractory material. |
Keywords |
titanium molten, refractory oxides, refractory material, reactional interaction |
References |
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Title |
SILICON-CARBON TREATMENT OUT OF INORGANIC IMPURITIES PRODUCED FROM THE RICE HUSK |
Authors |
Sukharnikov Y. I., Bunchuk L. V., Anarbekov K. K., Kablanbekov A. A. (Almaty, Kazakhstan) |
Author´s information |
Sukharnikov Y. I. – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher, E-mail: scc04@mail.ru Bunchuk L. V. – Candidate of Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher Anarbekov K. K. – Junior Researcher Kaplanbekov A. A. – Junior Researcher |
Abstract |
The process of silicon-carbon produced out of the rice husk treatment with HCl solution has been investigated and elaborated to purify from aluminum and phosphorous to their contents were less than 0.1 % each. Silicon-carbon with such contents of these impurities meets the requirements to as the multifunctional material for its application in various branches of industry and agriculture. It was demonstrated that the required content of aluminum and phosphorus in silicon-carbon can be achieved by two ways. Namely, by silicon-carbon production out of the pre-treated rice husk or by purification of silica-carbon obtained out of untreated rice husk. Considering the output of silicon-carbon out of rice husk equals to 33 %, it is more reasonable to submit the minor material mass to the acid treatment that is the silicon-carbon. The silicon-carbon treatment produced out of untreated rice husk (52.3 % С, 35.9 % SiO2, 0.2 % Al and 0.12 % P) was carried out with 0.5 – 3 % hydrochloric acid solutions at the temperature of 70-80 °С. As a result of laboratory studies and pilot testing, the processing method hydrochemical treatment of silicon-carbon was elaborated. The following optimal processing parameters were recommended: hydrochloric acid concentration in aqueous solution – 1 %, 75-80 °С, and treatment time is 60 minutes. The aluminum content was at the level of 0.085 %, and phosphorus was 0.04 % in the processed silicon-carbon. The obtained silicon-carbon with low level of inorganic elements can be applied as the charging material for smelting low-aluminum ferrosilicon and pure silicon, as the filler of carbon construction materials and elastomers. |
Keywords |
rice husk, silicon-carbon, treatment from inorganic impurities |
References |
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Silicon production using alternative raw material source. Mineral Engineering. Poland. 2017. 2. 20 Sukharnikov YU., Yefremova S., Bunchuk L., Dzhusupov S. Kremneuglerodnyye napolniteli rezinotekhnicheskikh i konstruktsionnykh uglerodnykh materialov (Silicon-carbon fillers for rubber and structural carbon materials) Promyshlennost’ Kazakhstana= Industry of Kazakhstan. 2017. 2(101). 37-39. (in Russ.). 21 Zhapbasbayev U., Ramazanova G., Kenzhaliev B., Sattinova Z., Shakhov S. Applied thermal engineering. 2016, 96, Pp. 593-599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.11.114 (in Eng). |
Title |
THE EFFECT OF CARBON FABRICS MODIFICATION ON THE STRENGTH OF CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC |
Authors |
Mustafa L. M., Yermakhanova A. M., Ismailov M. B. ( Almaty, Kazakhstan) |
Author´s information |
Mustafa L. M. − Senior Researcher, PhD –doctoral candidate, National Center for space research and technology, Almaty, Kazakhstan, E-mail: Mustafa_Laura@mail.ru Yermakhanova A. M. − Junior Researcher, PhD –doctoral candidate, National Center for space research and technology, Almaty, Kazakhstan, E-mail: a.yermakhanova@mail.ru Ismailov M. B. − Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Director of the Department of space materials science, Almaty, Kazakhstan, E-mail: m.ismailov@spacers.kz |
Abstract |
This article reviews the study of influence of carbon fabrics modification on the strength of carbon fiber reinforced plastic. Two types of epoxy compound Etal Inject SLM of “cold curing” and Etal Inject-T of “heat curing”, nitric acid HNO3 of concentration 60 %, carbon fabric of Toho Tenax/Aksa 3k-1200-200 were used in the study. Comparisons of the strength properties of carbon plastic on these compounds were given. The best result was obtained on Etal Inject-T with tensile strength – 1000 MPa and in compression – 425 MPa. Carbon fabric modification was carried out by grafting carboxylated groups treated with HNO3 to the carbon fiber surface. The treatment time in acid varied from 0.5 to 6 minutes. The compressive strength by 17 % from 425 MPa to 497 MPa has been established to increase when carbon fiber by HNO3 is modified for from 0.5 min to 2 min, then the strength decreases enlarging the treatment time. The decrease in strength is associated with supersaturation of the surface of the fibers with carboxyl groups, which were destroyed during heat treatment. Thus, the surface oxidating of carbon fabric is the most effective method of increasing its adhesion to epoxy resin and the strength of carbon fiber. The functional groups formed during the oxidation process allow for a tight cross-linking of the epoxy matrix with carbon fiber. It was previously found that the strength of carbon fiber increases with the modification of epoxy resin with oxidized carbon nanotubes. An assumption is made about a uniform mechanism for strengthening carbon-fiber reinforced plastic due to chemically active functional groups, both on the surface of carbon fiber and on the surface of carbon nanotubes. |
Keywords |
carbon fiber reinforced plastic, carbon fabrics, modification, strength |
References |
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Title |
STUDY OF THE OPTIMALITY OF HEXAGONAL WELL LOCATION MODES DURING THE IN-SITU LEACHING OF MINERAL |
Authors |
Shayakhmetov N.M.1,2*, Kurmanseiit M.B. 1, Aizhulov D.Y. 1(Almaty Kazakhstan) |
Author´s information |
Shayakhmetov Nurlan Muratkhanovich – PhD candidate of al-Farabi Kazakh national university, Researcher of Satbayev university, Almaty, Kazakhstan, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7559-4371, E-mail: shayakhmetovn@gmail.com Kurmanseiit Maksat Bakhytzhanuly – Researcher of Satbayev university, Almaty, Kazakhstan, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5334-6537, E-mail: kurmanseiit.maksat@gmail.com Aizhulov Daniar Yersenovich – Researcher of Satbayev university, Almaty, Kazakhstan, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5496-4639, E-mail: daniar.aizhulov@gmail.com |
Abstract |
Mineral mining using the in-situ leaching method is based on injecting of leaching solution into the ore formation through injection wells, leaching out the mineral and extracting the pregnant solution (dissolved mineral) through the production wells. During the stage of the field designing, the main task is to determine the optimal drilling-in pattern, which implies the choice of the optimal location of the injection and production wells. This article is considered the different modes of the distance between production and injection wells with a hexagonal location and determines the optimality based on the economic indicators of each mode. As a result of the study, for the problem statement, the optimal distance between the wells was determined. |
Keywords | in-situ leaching, optimization of mineral mining, hexagonal well location, field design, in-situ leaching by wells. |
References |
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Title |
KINETICS OF EXTRACTION OF THE SILICON, ALUMINUM, AND CALCIUM OF THE BASALT FROM THE DAUBABA DEPOSIT |
Authors |
Shevko V. M., Badikova A. D., Tuleev M. A., Karataeva G. E. (Shymkent, Kazakhstan) |
Author´s information |
Shevko Viktor Mikhailovich – doctor of technical sciences, professor of M.Auezov South Kazakhstan State University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9814-6248, Е-mail: shevkovm@mail.ru Badikova Alexandra Dmitrievna – master of engineering and technology, specialist junior researcher of M. Auezov South Kazakhstan State University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan, .https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-4258, Е-mail: sunstroke_91@mail.ru Tuleev Mustafa Azatovich – master of technical sciences, a specialist of higher educational qualifications of M. Auezov South Kazakhstan State University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan, .https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-8676, Е-mail: mustafa19930508@mail.ru Karataev Gulnara Ergeshovna – candidate of technical sciences, associate professor of M.Auezov South Kazakhstan State University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3292-8845, Е-mail: karataevage@mail.ru |
Abstract |
The article presents the results of the experimental studies of the kinetics of electric smelting of the basalt from the Daubaba deposit, the main components of which are 50.5% SiO2, 19.9% Al2O3, 9.3% CaO, 9.6% Fe2O3 with the extraction of the silicon and aluminum into the ferroalloy, calcium into the calcium carbide. The effect of electric smelting time (from 10 to 60 minutes) and the amount of lime (from 0 to 30% from weight of basalt) on the degree of extraction of Si and Al into the alloy and Ca into CaC2 was determined. The studies were carried out by the method of planning the experiments with the usage of roto-standard plans of second order (Box-Hunter plan) with exploring graphic optimization of technological parameters. The electric smelting was carried out in a graphite crucible. The mass of the furnace-charge in each experiment was 400 g. It was found that: extraction of Si, Al into the alloy, and Ca into the calcium carbide becomes noticeable in the first 10 minutes of the process; in the absence of lime, the maximum degree of extraction of the silicon, aluminum in the alloy and the calcium, respectively, contain 80.8%, 72.2% and 69% in 45 minutes; the presence of lime in the furnace-charge allows you to increase the degree of extraction of the calcium in the calcium carbide to 79.8%, however, at this time, the extraction of the silicon and aluminum decreases. To extract 77.1-86.8% of the silicon, 75-82% of the aluminum in the alloy and 75-79% of the calcium in the calcium carbide, the duration of the electric smelting should be 46-50 minutes and the amount of lime to 6.1% from weight of basalt. |
Keywords |
basalt, coke, lime, steel chip, electric smelting, time, ferroalloy, calcium carbide. |
References |
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