Title: Removal of Impurities from Refractory Gold Ore using Bio-reduction and Bio-oxidation processes
Authors: Nazirah Awang Husain, Abdul Hafidz Yusoff, Wee Seng Kew, Noorfazliani Shoparwe, Chang Shen Chang, Nur Nabihah Yusof, Muhammad Noorazlan, Mohammad M. Fares
Abstract: Gold in refractory gold ore is difficult to be extracted by conventional metallurgical methods due to the presence of sulfide minerals with elevated levels of iron (Fe), sulfur (S), and arsenic (As) as impurities, resulting in low gold (Au) recovery. Conventional methods such as cyanide leaching has been proven ineffective for gold extraction from refractory ore due to gold being intricately bound within the sulfide minerals. Consequently, this study explores the application of bioleaching as an alternative to conventional cyanide leaching. Shewanella oneidensis (S. oneidensis) and Acidithiobacillus ferroxidans (A. ferroxidans) serve as bio-reduction and bio-oxidation agents, respectively in the bioleaching process. The composition of minerals in the ore was determined through XRD analysis (Model: Rigaku’s Miniflex 600) and EDX analysis (Model EDX 3). Meanwhile, SEM analysis (Zeiss EVO LS15 SEM) was utilized to examine the morphology structure. The concentrations of impurities (Fe, S, and As) were assessed using a spectrophotometer (Model: DR3900 Hach) meanwhile the Au concentration was determined through ICP-OES (Model: G8015A5110 ICP-OES). Sieved refractory gold ore samples with less than 32 um and varying in weight (0.5 g, 1.0 g, 1.5 g, 2.0 g), underwent bio-reduction and bio-oxidation processes. The results indicated a rougher surface morphology of the raw sample as observed through SEM analysis. Furthermore, XRD and EDX results demonstrated a decrease in impurity concentrations, suggesting a potential increase in gold purity. Notably, the bio-reduction process exhibited a superior enhancement in Au concentration with the value of 138.89% compared to biooxidation with the value of 122.22%. Thus, the bio-reduction process proved more effective in increasing Au concentration compared to bio-oxidation.
Keywords: Bioleaching, S. oneidensis, A. Ferroxidans, gold, ICP-OES.
Cite this article as: Nazirah et al. Removal of Impurities from Refractory Gold Ore using bio-reduction and bio-oxidation processes. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2025; 333(2):5-15. https://doi.org/10.31643/2025/6445.12
Title: Mini review polyurethane hybrids: preparation, characterization and applications
Authors: El-Sayed Negim, Marwan Shalash, Mukatayeva Zh.S., Baidullayeva A.K., Alferov T.K., Nurtazina A.A., Karabayeva A.E., Moshera Samy
Abstract: Polyurethane hybrids (PUHs) are a type of versatile materials with a broad variety of possible applications. Considering the connections between their structure and characteristics, this is especially true. Because of its special mechanical stability, toughness, stickiness, sustainability of the finished product, biological properties, and chemical properties, PUHs are the subject of extensive research and development for use in a wide range of applications. Polyurethane /acrylic hybrids are important type of binders in coating industries due to their exceptional properties. This mini review aims to provide an overview of different types of polyurethane/acrylic hybrids, including waterborne, blending, and UV curable hybrids. The synthesis of these hybrids through addition and emulsion polymerization techniques is discussed, emphasizing the importance of achieving intimately homogenous latex. The hybrids (PUHs) enhanced the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the final products including coatings, paints, adhesives, and performance of other products. In addition, the anticorrosion coatings based on PUHs exhibits the properties of polyurethane and acrylic to reduce or prevent the corrosion.
Keywords: Polyurethane hybrids, Acrylic, Water borne, UV curable, Blending, Emulsion
Cite this article as: El-Sayed Negim, Mukatayeva ZhS, Baidullayeva AK, Alferov TK, Nurtazina AA, Karabayeva AE, Moshera Samy. Mini review polyurethane hybrids: preparation, characterization, and applications. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2025; 333(2):16-26. https://doi.org/10.31643/2025/6445.13
Title: Research on the production of sorbent based on bentonite clay for wastewater treatment from chemical industries
Authors: Ishanova M.N., Kadirbayeva A.A., Sarypbekova N.K.
Abstract: In our country, the problem of water purification remains urgent, with the growth of external factors contributing to this, which can include an increase in the number of industrial enterprises, the development of agriculture, urban growth and others. To solve the problem of water purification it is economically advantageous to create new sorbents, with the available resources in our country.For the processing of of bentonite clay under experimental conditions, instrumental test methods were chosen using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the Jeol JSM-6490l V brand, a multi-parameter portable cyberscanner (PCD 650 Eutech) and a Q-1500 Derivatograph. In this article, we studied the bentonite of the Darbaza deposit. For physico-chemical analysis of clay from the Darbaza deposit, a specially selected sample was crushed, and sieved and its chemical composition was determined. Results. Based on the results of instrumental studies, the elemental and mineralogical composition of bentonite clay from the Darbazinsky deposit was determined using a scanning electron microscope JSM-6490l V (Jeol, Japan) using the energy-dispersive method. The resulting sorbent based on bentonite clay has a high sorption capacity and is recommended for use in the treatment of wastewater from chemical industries. The resulting sorbent based on bentonite clay from the Darbaza deposit makes it possible to purify wastewater from phosphate production from phosphate and other ions up to 60%. The developed sorbent based on bentonite clay has environmental and economic efficiency and connections with the use of local natural resources. Thus, it should be noted that for adsorption treatment of wastewater from chemical industries with a high degree, it is possible to use effective sorbents based on bentonine clays from the Darbaza deposit. It should also be noted that the use of bentonite clays for water purification by the sorption process is an effective and affordable alternative to adsorbents that show high adsorption capacity for various compounds.
Keywords: bentonite, Darbaza deposit, water treatment, montmorillonite, adsorption, heavy metals.
Cite this article as: Ishanova MN, Kadirbayeva AA, Sarypbekova NK. Research on the production of sorbent based on bentonite clay for wastewater treatment from chemical industries. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2025; 333(2):27-33. https://doi.org/10.31643/2025/6445.14
Title: Experimental studies for the Development of special equipment for cleaning cedar nuts from the shell
Authors: Hamitbek A.H., Kairbaeva A.E.
Abstract: The research is aimed at studying Cedar nut seeds and the use of special pneumatic reactive and centrifugal equipment for their processing. The main purpose of the work is to develop equipment for cleaning cedar grain. The article describes the features of Cedar nut seeds, which are widely distributed in the east of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and also presents a technological scheme for extracting Cedar nut kernels. The main attention is paid to the results of the development of special equipment that allows you to separate the kernels of cedar grain from the shell without damaging them. Experiments were carried out on this equipment, the results of which were presented in the form of graphs. Studies have shown what air velocities and torques are used to eject grains of various sizes when exposed to a target. In the first experiment, it is shown at what air velocity the grains are peeled from the shell, depending on their diameter, that is, cedar grains are peeled from the shell when hitting a target with an air velocity of 5 mm-41 m/s, 6 mm – 39 m/s, 7 mm – 38 m/s, 8 mm-35 m/s, 9 mm-31 m/s. In the second experiment, it is shown at which torque of the disc, depending on the diameter of the grains, that is, cedar grains are peeled from the shell when hitting a target with a torque of 5 mm – 15 N* m, 7 mm –13 N*m, 8 mm-10 N* m, 9 mm - 8 N* m.
Keywords: cedar nut, pneumatic jet, centrifugal, equipment, complex processing.
Cite this article as: Hamitbek AH, Kairbaeva AE, Kopylov MV. Experimental studies for the Development of special equipment for cleaning cedar nuts from the shell. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2025; 333(2):34-40. https://doi.org/10.31643/2025/6445.15
Title: Study of tribological characteristics of micro-arc calcium phosphate coatings on titanium
Authors: Mamaeva A.A., Kenzhegulov A.K., Panichkin A.V., Panigrahi M., Fischer D.E.
Abstract: Tribological characteristics of implants, such as wear resistance and friction coefficient, play a critical role in ensuring their durability and functionality when interacting with surrounding tissues. These parameters influence the implant's ability to withstand mechanical loads and minimize wear throughout its service life. Minimizing friction between the implant and biological tissues not only helps prevent mechanical damage but also reduces the risk of inflammatory reactions, ensuring better biological compatibility. In this study, calcium phosphate coatings were obtained using the micro-arc oxidation method with different duty cycle of current to investigate their tribological characteristics. The coatings deposited on titanium had a structure with volcano-like formations with pores ranging from 66 to 98 micrometers. The thickness of the coatings varied from 74.3 to 100 micrometers depending on the conditions during microarc oxidation. Tribological tests were conducted using a ball-on-flat setup with reciprocating motion. The coatings were subjected to tribological tests against SHX15 steel under normal loads of 5 and 20 N. Depending on the applied load, the friction coefficients of the coatings ranged from 0.029 to 0.034 at 5 N and from 0.9 to 1.26 at 20 N. Analysis of wear parameters and micrographs of worn surfaces indicate that the mode with a pulse current duty cycle of 17.3% during micro-arc oxidation allows for the production of titanium surface coatings with high wear resistance.
Keywords: calcium phosphate coating, micro-arc oxidation, duty cycle, friction coefficient, wear.
Cite this article as: Mamaeva AA, Kenzhegulov AK, Panichkin AV, Panigrahi M, Fischer DE. Study of Tribological Characteristics of Micro-Arc Calcium Phosphate Coatings on Titanium. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2025; 333(2):41-50. https://doi.org/10.31643/2025/6445.16
Title: Study of the influence of temperature and duration of chlorinating roasting on the extraction of gold from E-waste
Authors: Zholdasbay E.E., Argyn A.A., Kurmanseitov M.B., Dosmukhamedova K.S., Daruesh G.S.
Abstract: In this work, based on experimental studies, the effect of roasting temperature and duration on the chlorination of gold from E-waste under low-temperature conditions was studied. It has been established that in the low-temperature range of 150-300 °C, the gold content in the residue shows a sharp decrease, reaching its minimum of 8 ppm at 250 °C. A further increase in temperature does not affect the gold content in the cinder. It has been shown that during chlorinating roasting above a temperature of 250 °C, side reactions should be expected to occur with the formation of additional phases representing chlorides of copper, iron and other elements. The results of SEM and XRD analyzes of the solid phase obtained after chlorinating roasting at a temperature of 250 °C and a roasting duration of 20 minutes showed the presence of copper and iron chlorides in them. Optimal technological parameters and modes of the process of chlorinating roasting of E-waste with gaseous chlorine have been established: temperature – 250 °С; roasting duration – 20 minutes; chlorine consumption is 1.5 times more than the stoichiometrically required amount (SRA) for gold chlorination. Under optimal roasting conditions, a high, up to ~97.6%, recovery of gold in the form of gold chloride (AuCl3) was achieved. The results of the experiments can be a basic basis and make it possible to conduct more representative experiments (scaling) in the future, taking into account the established optimal technological parameters. This will provide a chance to evaluate the possibility of extracting gold from E-waste of different types and compositions and to conduct further research on obtaining pure gold from the collected representative amount of gold sublimate AuCl3 by smelting.
Keywords: E-waste, gold, roasting, AuCl3 sublimate, temperature, recovery.
Cite this article as: Zholdasbay EE, Argyn AA, Kurmanseitov MB, Dosmukhamedova KS, Daruesh GM. Study of the influence of temperature and duration of chlorinating roasting on the extraction of gold from E-waste. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2025; 333(2):51-58. https://doi.org/10.31643/2025/6445.17
Title: An annealing-free method for processing high-moisture iron-containing sludge of metallurgical production
Authors: Ibraev I.K., Ibraeva O.T., Aitkenov N.B.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to study the possibility of producing high-strength briquettes from high-moisture iron-containing slimes by hydration with quicklime (chemical dehydration) in combination with dolomite dust from a degusting system and carbon-containing pulverized materials and developing a drainless technology for the production of complex self-healing briquettes. The physicochemical conditions of the hydration process, temperature and time parameters of the process were studied, and the choice of active dehydrating materials significantly increased the degree of hydration of the composite system and their optimal ratios, and the period of the beginning and end of self-hardening were determined. The conditions of combining the processes of dehydration, and self-hardening with the processes of melding, when applying external pressure to a hardening mixture in a meld to obtain a coated material in the form of a briquette in one technological cycle are considered, which is one of the main provisions of the scientific novelty of the proposed method. Optimal conditions for the production of high-strength briquettes suitable for metallurgical production technologies, excluding the stages of thermal drying and firing, have been established, and a set of strength properties occurs in the air. The method allows obtaining a self-healing dipped material by introducing a carbon-containing reducing agent into a slurry-lime self-hardening mixture. Cheap waste pulverized limestone and dolomite roasting wastes are used as a dehydrating material, and pulverized carbonaceous materials (coke and coal screenings) are used as a reducing agent. Unlike well-known technical solutions, the proposed technology and the method incorporated in it eliminates the storage of iron-containing sludge in a sludge storage facility and allows you to organize a drainless scheme of non-annealing and the production of complex self-healing iron-containing material for the production of steel and rolled products. The technology will make it possible to organize production for the processing of high-moisture iron-containing sludge, pulverized calcium- and magnesium-containing and carbon-containing pulverized waste and also solves the problems of environmental pollution and land allocation for the storage of industrial waste.
Keywords: sludge, dust, processing, dehydration, pelletizing, briquetting.
Cite this article as: Ibraev IK, Ibraeva OT, Aitkenov NB. An annealing-free method for processing high-moisture iron-containing sludge of metallurgical production. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2025; 333(2):59-70. https://doi.org/10.31643/2025/6445.18
Title: Influence of silica on the crystallization of sodium hydroaluminate
Authors: Abdulvaliyev R.A., Gladyshev S.V., Akhmadiyeva N.K., Ruzakhunova G.S., Tugambay S.Sh.
Abstract: To extract aluminium from highly concentrated aluminate solutions of alumina-containing raw materials, decomposition is performed through the crystallization of sodium hydroaluminate. This paper presents the results of a study on the stability of aluminate solutions. To calculate the probable yield of Al2O3 in the solid phase, it is necessary to determine the crystallization rate of sodium hydroaluminate according to the composition of the initial solutions and the conditions of the process. The influences of SiO2 content on the decomposition of aluminate solutions with Na2Ok concentrations of 540 g/dm3 and 590 g/dm3 with and without inoculum were studied. In addition, the influence of silica on the appearance of precipitating crystals of sodium hydroaluminate was considered. A sharp increase in the stability of the aluminate solutions at rest in the presence of silica was observed. Different crystallization conditions for sodium hydroaluminate have been investigated. Silica slows the crystallization process of sodium hydroaluminate, affecting both the nucleation and crystal growth rates. The effect of SiO₂ on the rate of decomposition is similar to the reduction in the degree of supersaturation.
Keywords: Alumina solution, silica, sodium hydroaluminate.
Cite this article as: Abdulvaliyev RA, Gladyshev SV, Akhmadiyeva NK, Ruzakhunova GS, Tugambay SSh. Influence of silica on the crystallization of sodium hydroaluminate. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2025; 333(2):71-79. https://doi.org/10.31643/2025/6445.19
Title: Investigation of the possibility of using depleted bauxite in alumina production at the Pavlodar aluminum plant
Authors: Abikenova G.K., Dauletov D.D., Tverdokhlebov S.A., Danchenko I.S.
Abstract: The topic of processing low-grade or low-quality bauxite is highly relevant in modern conditions due to the gradual depletion of high-quality bauxite reserves. Consequently, there is an increasing need to explore alternative sources of raw materials for aluminum production and its derivatives. Processing low-quality bauxite ores can become an effective solution, reducing dependence on limited high-quality resources and ensuring production stability in the long term. Such research has significant potential for developing technologies capable of optimizing aluminum production processes and enhancing its competitiveness in the global market. Bauxites from the Krasnooktyabrsky bauxite ore management with low aluminum oxide content (37 – 40% by mass) and a silicon module up to 2.0 are considered as potential blending materials for sintering bauxite in alumina production due to the depletion of high-quality bauxite reserves. This article presents the results of research on their processing into alumina at the Pavlodar Aluminum Plant. Laboratory and pilot-scale studies were conducted to assess the feasibility of using low-quality bauxite in alumina production and to determine the techno-economic indicators of processing. The research results confirmed the technological feasibility of processing depleted bauxites with a silicon module of 1.95 - 2.0 in the sintering section while maintaining the quality of sinter and extracting useful components. The maximum proportion of blending of depleted bauxites with the main bauxite was determined not to exceed 50%.
Keywords: depleted bauxite, alumina production, sintering process.
Cite this article as: Abikenova GK, Dauletov DD, Tverdokhlebov SA, Danchenko IS. Investigation of the possibility of using depleted bauxite in alumina production at the Pavlodar aluminum plant. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2025; 333(2):80-88. https://doi.org/10.31643/2025/6445.20
Title: Improvement of the technological scheme for processing zinc concentrates by hydrometallurgical method at JSC Almalyk MMC
Authors: Yakubov M.M., Kholikulov D.B., Maksudhodjaeva M.S., Yoqubov O.M.
Abstract: The extraction of zinc from concentrates is carried out in pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical ways. Obtaining pure zinc of the highest grades is possible using the hydrometallurgical method, in which the calcined sulfide concentrate is subjected to sulfuric acid leaching, a solution of zinc sulfate and a recycled product is formed - a solid residue of the cake leaching process. After purification, the zinc sulfate solution is subjected to electrolytic refining, and the cake is processed pyroly or hydrometallurgically. At JSC "Almalyk MMC" in the process of hydrometallurgical processing of zinc concentrates, the resulting zinc cake is processed by the pyrometallurgical method - rolling. The rolling process takes place in two tubular furnaces (rolling furnaces) 50 meters long and 3.5 meters in diameter at a temperature of 1100–12000C, in the presence of a reducing agent, coke breeze and petroleum coke. As a result of the rolling process of zinc cakes, sublimates and a solid technogenic residue, clinker, containing copper, gold, and silver are formed. Clinker is processed at the plant in smelting furnaces to extract precious metals, but it is accumulating more than 450 thousand tons. In connection with this, scientific research is currently underway on the processing of zinc cakes using a hydrometallurgical method to eliminate the expensive rolling process of processing zinc cakes; high-temperature (900 C) sulfuric acid leaching of cakes with a size of 0.074 mm has been developed during leaching for 4-4.5 hours, the extraction of zinc into the solution is 98.5%; copper 92.8%; iron 75.2; cadmium 79.2.
Keywords: zinc, cake, process, leaching, concentrate, cinder, extraction, solution, clinker, coke.
Cite this article as: Yakubov MM, Kholikulov DB, Maksudhodjaeva MS, Yoqubov OM. Improvement of the technological scheme for processing zinc concentrates by hydrometallurgical method at JSC Almalyk MMC. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2025; 333(2):89-96. https://doi.org/10.31643/2025/6445.21
Title: Methodological principles of searching for disposal sites of radioactively contaminated materials by geophysical methods
Authors: Vyzhva S.A., Onishchuk V.I., Onishchuk I.I., Madisheva R.K., Mukhazhanova Zh. T.
Abstract: This article is devoted to radiometric studies at one of the sites of the Chornobyl nuclear power plant (the “Sandy Plateau” site), which is located on the south-eastern outskirts of the city of Pripyat. Radioactive substances, both artificial and natural, resulting from incidents and disasters at nuclear facilities pose the greatest danger. The disposal sites for radioactively contaminated materials considered in this work are sources of groundwater pollution. Currently, there is a problem of searching for their location for reburial in specialized stationary burial grounds, to solve which detailed complex geophysical studies are used. Various geophysical methods are considered, including micro-sensing and radiometric studies, to determine the location of burials. Particular attention is paid to the analysis and interpretation of geophysical data, as well as the economic and practical aspects of the application of these methods. As a result of the study, it was established: that when searching and studying burial sites of radioactively contaminated materials, the use of surface gamma photography makes it possible to assess the level of radioactive contamination of the upper layers of the soil (to a depth of 0.8-1 m). However, if the thickness of buried radioactively contaminated materials exceeds a certain level, which leads to weak contamination of rocks at a depth of more than 1-1.5 m, then burial objects may go undetected when using only gamma-ray imaging. In such cases, microgamma probing becomes an effective method. Increased values of exposure dose rate and the nature of microgamma sounding curves serve as indicators of the presence (increase in exposure dose rate with depth) or absence (sharp decrease in exposure dose rate with depth) of radioactively contaminated materials in the studied area.
Keywords: radioactive contamination, geophysics, research, complexing, micro gamma sounding, decontamination.
Cite this article as: Vyzhva SA, Onishchuk VI, Onishchuk II, Madisheva RK, Mukhazhanova ZhT. Methodological principles of searching for disposal sites of radioactively contaminated materials by geophysical methods. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2025; 333(2):97-104. https://doi.org/10.31643/2025/6445.22
